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Statistics > Chapter 2- Study Designs > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Study Designs Flashcards

1
Q

Bias

A

A systematic error that introduces uncertainty in estimates of effect or association

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2
Q

Blind/Double Blind

A

The state whereby a participant is unaware of their treatment status

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3
Q

Clinical Trial

A

A specific type of study involving human participants and randomization to the comparison groups

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4
Q

Cohort

A

A group of participants who usually share some common characteristics and who are monitored or followed over time

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5
Q

Concurrent

A
  • At the same time

- Optimally, comparison treatments are evaluated concurrently or in parallel

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6
Q

Confounding

A

Complex relationships among variables that can distort relationships between the risk factors and the outcome

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7
Q

Cross-Sectional

A

At a single point in time

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8
Q

Incidence (of disease)

A

The number of new cases over a period of time

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9
Q

Intention-to-treat

A

An analytic strategy whereby participants are analyzed in the treatment group they were assigned regardless of whether they followed the study procedures completely

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10
Q

Matching

A

A process of organizing comparison groups by similar characteristics

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11
Q

Per protocol

A

An analytic strategy whereby only participants who adhered to the study protocol are analyzed

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12
Q

Placebo

A

An inert substance designed to look, feel, and taste like the active or experimental treatment

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13
Q

Prevalence

A

The proportion of individuals with the condition at a single point in time

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14
Q

Prognostic Factor

A

A characteristic that is strongly associated with an outcome such that it could be used to reasonably predict whether a person is likely to develop a disease or not

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15
Q

Prospective

A

A study in which information is collected looking forward in time

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16
Q

Protocol

A

A step-by-step plan for a study that details every aspect of the study design and data collection plan

17
Q

Quasi-experimental design

A

A design in which subjects are not randomly assigned to treatments

18
Q

Randomization

A

A process by which participants are assigned to receive different treatments

19
Q

Retrospective

A

A study in which information is collected looking backward in time

20
Q

Stratification

A

A process whereby participants are partitioned or separated into mutually exclusive or non-overlapping groups

21
Q

Types of Observational Studies

A
  • Case report/Case series
  • Cross-sectional survey
  • Cohort study
  • Case-control study
  • Nested case-control study
22
Q

Case Report

A

A very detailed report of the specific features of a particular participant or case

23
Q

Case Series

A

A systematic review of the interesting and common features of a small collection, or series, of cases

24
Q

Cross-Sectional Survey

A
  • A study conducted at a single point in time

- Focused on the prevalence of a certain aspect of study

25
Q

Cohort Study

A
  • Involves a group of individuals who usually meet a set of inclusion criteria at the start of the study
  • The cohort is followed and associations are made between a risk factor and a disease
  • Allow for temporal relationships to be established
  • Possible to estimate the incidence of disease
26
Q

Prospective Cohort Study

A

Participants are enrolled and followed going forward in time

27
Q

Retrospective Cohort Study

A

The exposure or risk factor status of the participants is ascertained retrospectively, or looking back in time

28
Q

Special Exposure Cohort

A

The cohort is enriched to include participants with the risk factor

29
Q

Confounding

A

A distortion of the effect of an exposure or risk factor on the outcome by other characteristics

30
Q

Case-Control Study

A
  • Participants are identified on the basis of their outcome status
  • Cases and controls are selected, then assess the exposure or risk factor retrospectively
31
Q

Controls

A

Persons who are similar to the cases except for the fact they are free of the outcome of interest

32
Q

Nested Case-Control Study

A
  • A type of case-control study in which the cases are selected from a cohort study
  • Can be used to assess new biomarkers
33
Q

Types of Randomized Studies

A
  • Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)/Clinical Trial

- Crossover Trial

34
Q

Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)/Clinical Trial

A

Two comparison groups: control and experimental group

35
Q

Crossover Trial

A

A clinical trial where each participant is assigned to two or more treatments sequentially

36
Q

Wash-out Period

A

A period in which no treatments are given to minimize the effects of the first treatment

Statistics (2 decks)

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