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Microbiology Final > Chapter 2: Tools of the Laboratory > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Tools of the Laboratory Flashcards

1
Q

The Five I’s

A

Inoculation Incubation Isolation Inspection Identification

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2
Q

Culture

A

the propagation of microorganisms with various media

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3
Q

Medium

A

a nutrient used to grow microorganisms outside their natural habitat

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4
Q

Inoculation

A

the implantation of microorganisms into or onto culture media

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5
Q

Usual incubation temperatures

A

between 20°C and 40°C

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6
Q

Pure Culture

A

container of medium that grows only a single known species

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7
Q

Mixed Culture

A

Contains two or more identifiable species

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8
Q

Contaminated Culture

A

Was once pure or mixed, but has since been contaminated; can’t identify all the organisms

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9
Q

Physical States of Media

A

liquid semisolid solid (can be converted to liquid) solid (cannot be liquefied)

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10
Q

Agar

A

complex polysaccharide from the alga Gellidium; liquefies at 100°C and solidifies at 42°C and can be poured in liquid form that will not harm the microbe or the handler

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11
Q

General Purpose Media

A

Grows a broad spectrum of microbes; complex; Nutrient agar, broth, brain-heart infusion, & TSA

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12
Q

Selective Media

A

Contains one or more agents that inhibit growth of certain microbes but not others; for samples containing dozens of different species (saliva, skin, water, soil)

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13
Q

Enriched Media

A

Contains complex organic substances; for growing certain species (fastidious microbes); Blood agar, Chocolate agar

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14
Q

Differential Media

A

Allows multiple types of microorganisms to grow; causes different reactions (dyes make microorganisms easily identifiable)

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15
Q

Transport Media

A

Used to maintain and preserve specimens that have to be held for a period of time before clinical analysis; also used to sustain species that die quickly

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16
Q

Reducing Media

A

Contains sodium thioglycollate or cystine that absorbs oxygen or slows the penetration of oxygen; grows anaerobic bacteria or determines oxygen requirements of isolates

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17
Q

Carbohydrate Fermentation Media

A

Contains sugars that can be fermented (converted to acids) and a pH indicator to show this reaction; identifies bacteria and fungi

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18
Q

Streak Plate

A

Easy and effective; method of choice

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19
Q

Loop Dilution

A

Allows colonies to grow deep in the solution, not just on the surface

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20
Q

Viruses measurements

A

between 20 – 800 nm

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21
Q

Smallest bacteria measurements

A

200 nm

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22
Q

Protozoa and Algae measurements

A

3-4 mm

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23
Q

Objective Lens

A

closest to the specimen, forms the initial image called the real image

24
Q

Ocular Lens

A

forms the second image called the virtual image that will be received by the eye and converted to the retinal and visual image

25
Q

Resolution

A

the capacity of an optical system to distinguish or separate two adjacent objects or points from one another.

26
Q

Human eye can resolve objects that are no closer than___________apart

A

0.2 mm

27
Q

Oil Immersion Lens

A

uses oil to capture light that would otherwise be lost to scatter which in turn increases resolution; oil immersion lens can resolve images that are at least 0.2 μm in diameter and at least 0.2 μm apart

28
Q

Bright-field Microscope

A

Forms its image when light is transmitted through the specimen; produces image that is darker than the surrounding illuminated field.

29
Q

Dark-field Microscope

A

Puts a “block” on a bright-field microscope that blocks all light from entering the objective lens except peripheral light; creates image of brightly illuminated specimens surrounded by a dark field

30
Q

Phase-Contrast Microscope

A

Transforms subtle changes in light waves passing through specimen into differences in light intensity (different parts of specimen have different densities); best for internal detail

31
Q

Interference Microscope

A

Manipulates light like phase-contrast but adds contrasting colors to the image and two beams of light rather than a single one; produces extremely well-defined images that are vividly colored and appear 3-D

32
Q

Fluorescent Microscope

A

Modified compound microscope with an Ultraviolet radiation source and a filter that protects the viewer’s eye; specimen must be coated with a source of fluorescence

33
Q

Confocal Microscope

A

Overcomes problem of cells or structures being too thick causing microscopes to have trouble focusing; Uses a laser beam of light to scan various depths in the specimen; captures highly focused view at any level

34
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope

A

Produces image by transmitting electrons through the specimen; specimens must be sectioned in extremely thin slices and stained or coated with metals

35
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope

A

Bombards surface of a whole metal-coated specimen with electrons while scanning back and forth over it; electron pattern is displayed on a TV screen; color is added afterwards

36
Q

Wet Mount

A

consists of a drop or two of culture placed on a slide and overlaid with a cover slip

37
Q

Hanging Drop

A

a drop of culture is placed in a concave (depression) slide, Vaseline adhesive or sealant, and cover slip are used to suspend the sample

38
Q

Purpose of short term mounts

A

provide a true assessment of size, shape, arrangement, color, and motility

39
Q

Steps in Smear Technique

A

(1) spread a thin film made from a liquid suspension of cells on a slide (2) air dry (3) heat fix: heat gently to kill the specimen and attach to the slide

40
Q

Basic dyes have a ________ charge

A

positive

41
Q

Acidic dyes have a ________ chage

A

negative

42
Q

Positive Stain

A

dye sticks to the specimen and gives it color

43
Q

Negative Stain

A

does not stick to the specimen but settles some distance from its outer boundary, forming a silhouette

44
Q

Simple Stain

A

only require a single dye and an uncomplicated procedure; causes all the cells in the smear to appear more or less the same color, regardless of type; reveal shape, size, and arrangement

45
Q

Differential Stain

A

use two differently colored dyes: the primary dye and the counterstain

46
Q

Crystal Violet

A

Primary Stain in Gram Staining

47
Q

Iodine

A

The mordant in Gram Staining

48
Q

Alcohol Rinse

A

the decolorizer in Gram staining

49
Q

Safranin

A

the counterstain in Gram staining

50
Q

Gram-Positive Color

A

Blue/purple

51
Q

Gram-Negative Color

A

Pink/red

52
Q

Acid Fast Stain

A

differentiates acid-fast bacteria (pink) from non-acid-fast bacteria (blue)

53
Q

Endospore Stain

A

Forced by heat into resistant bodies called spores; distinguishes between spores and vegetative cells

54
Q

Capsule Stain

A

used to observe the microbial capsule, an unstructured protective layer surrounding the cells of some bacteria and fungi

55
Q

Flagellar Stain

A

flagella are enlarged by depositing a coating on the outside of the filament and then staining it

Microbiology Final (12 decks)

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