Chapter 2 Vocabulary

Question 1

Raw data

Answer 1

Data collected from an observational study, designed experiment, or survey before they
have been summarized.

Question 2

Frequency distribution

Answer 2

A frequency distribution lists each category of data and the number of occurrences for each category of data.

Question 3

Relative frequency

Answer 3

The relative frequency is the proportion (or percent) of observations within a category and is found using the formula

Relative Frequency = frequency/
sum of all frequencies

Question 4

Relative frequency distribution

Answer 4

A relative frequency distribution lists each category of data together with the relative frequency.

Question 5

Bar graph

Answer 5

s constructed by labeling each category of data on either the
horizontal or vertical axis and the frequency or relative frequency of the category on the other axis. Rectangles of
equal width are drawn for each category. The height of each rectangle represents the category’s frequency or relative frequency.

Question 6

Pareto Chart

Answer 6

is a bar graph whose bars are drawn in decreasing order of frequency or relative frequency.

Question 7

Side‐by‐side bar graph

Answer 7

a bar graph used to compare two or more different sets of qualitative data.

Question 8

Pie chart

Answer 8

a circle divided into sectors. Each sector represents a category of data. The area of each sector is proportional to the frequency of the category.

Question 9

Class

Answer 9

Categories of quantitative data. For discrete data with a small number of observations, the data form the categories. For discrete data with a wide range of observations, or continuous data, the categories are formed using non‐overlapping intervals of numbers.

Question 10

Histogram

Answer 10

is constructed by drawing rectangles for each class of data. The height of each rectangle is the frequency or relative frequency of the class. The width of each rectangle is the same and the rectangles touch each other.

Question 11

Lower and upper class limits

Answer 11

is the smallest value within a class. The upper class limit is the largest value within a class.

Question 12

Class width

Answer 12

is the difference between consecutive lower class limits.

Question 13

Open ended

Answer 13

A table is open ended if the first class has no lower class limit or the last class has no
upper class limit.

Question 14

Stem‐and‐leaf plot

Answer 14

A graphical representation of quantitative data in which the data itself is used to create the graph. So the raw data could be retrieved from the graph.

Question 15

Stem

Answer 15

The digits to the left of the rightmost digit in the raw data in a stem‐and‐leaf plot.

Question 16

leaf

Answer 16

The rightmost digit in a stem‐and‐leaf plot.

Question 17

Split stems

Answer 17

Dividing a stem into two or more stems. For example, rather than having a stem that represents 10 ‐ 19, we would have the first stem represent 10 ‐ 14, and the second stem represent 15 ‐ 19.

Question 18

Dot plot

Answer 18

A dot plot is drawn by placing each observation horizontally in increasing order and placing a dot above the observation each time it is observed.

Question 19

Uniform distribution

Answer 19

is a distribution such that the frequency of each value of the variable is evenly spread out across the values of the variable.

Question 20

Bell‐shaped distribution

Answer 20

is one in which the highest frequency occurs in the middle and frequencies tail off to the left and right of the middle.

Question 21

Skewed right distribution

Answer 21

is one in which the tail to the right of the peak is longer than the tail to the left of the peak.

Question 22

skewed left distribution

Answer 22

is one in which the tail to the left of the peak is longer than the tail to the right of the peak.

Question 23

Class midpoint

Answer 23

The sum of consecutive lower class limits divided by 2.