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Biochemistry I > Chapter 2 Water > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Water Flashcards

1
Q

How much of our body is made of water?

A

2/3 full

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2
Q

Reactivity of functional groups depends on __

A

pH

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3
Q

Order of bonding interactions

A

Covalent, ionic, hydrogen, dipole-dipole interactions, London dispersion

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4
Q

what is hydrogen’s bond strength?

A

20

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5
Q

What molecules are used for hydrogen bonding?

A

N, O, F, S, Cl

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6
Q

Structure of Ice

A

hexagonally packed (honeycomb shaped) that fully satisfies the H-bonding potential of H2O molecules

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7
Q

How many H molecules are in H2O ice?

A

4 with tetrahedral shape

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8
Q

Water is most dense at ___

A

4 degrees celsius

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9
Q

Liquid water is ___ than ice

A

denser

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10
Q

Water is one of the most ___ solvents around

A

polar

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11
Q

What is water good for dissolving?

A

charged and polar species

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12
Q

Why does water/oil not mix?

A

oil is less dense than water, the non polar and polar do not mix

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13
Q

What happens when a small amount of a nonpolar solute gets immersed in water?

A

Water molecules organize in an H-bond network around the non polar solute to accommodate it

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14
Q

Does entropy increase or decrease if water is added to nonpolar solvent?

A

At first, it decreases because it has to become orderly. It will soon disperse and increase as it tries to get out of the situation

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15
Q

What are clathrates?

A

Molecules in the cage-like structure on the deep ocean floor

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16
Q

Hydrophobic interactions

A

Entropically driven by the overall increase in entropy that water molecules achieve by excluding a non-polar solute

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17
Q

What are amphiphilic molecules?

A

molecules that can be both polar and nonpolar

18
Q

What is an example of amphiphilic molecules?

A

fatty acids, soap or SDS (detergent)

19
Q

What is a micelle formation?

A

When water molecules refuse the hydrophobic tails. The H2O molecules become highly ordered. Only lipid portions at the edge can force ordering water causing increase in entropy. All the hydrophobic groups are sequestered from water and a shell of H2O molecules is minimized.

20
Q

What is a monolayer?

A

One or two tailed detergents in low concentrations form

21
Q

What is a micelle?

A

one tailed amphiphiles in higher concentrations

22
Q

What is a bilayer vesicle?

A

two tailed amphiphiles in higher concentrations

23
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water from a region of high water concentration to a low water concentration (depends on solute concentration)

24
Q

pH = pKa when [A] = ? and what is this called?

A

[HA], inflection point

25
Q

What is one of the most important buffers?

A

phosphoric acid (h2po4-)

26
Q

When do buffers occur?

A

when weak acid and its conjugate base are present in nearly equal proportions

27
Q

When is the buffer the best?

A

when pH = pKa

28
Q

Hyperventilation

A
  1. expels too much CO2 and not enough acid
  2. blood pH goes up (respiratory alkalosis)
    (breathe in brown paper bag)
29
Q

What is the normal pH for our blood?

A

7.4

30
Q

CO2 is exhaled from lungs and ….

A

The breathing rate (lungs) control CO2 concentration and kidneys control HCO3- concentration

31
Q

What antiacid calls blood pH to go up?

A

bicarbonate acid

32
Q

What happens at blood pH 7.3?

A

discomfort, headache (ACIDOSIS)

33
Q

What happens at blood pH 7.1?

A

coma

34
Q

What happens at blood pH 6.9?

A

death

35
Q

Molecular structure of water

A

tetrahedral when considering lone pairs but bent without lone pairs

36
Q

Structure of liquid water

A
  1. Only 15% less H-bonded than ice
  2. An average of 3.4 H-bonds per h2o molecules
  3. Transitory in nature
  4. Reorient every 10-12 seconds
  5. Short term h2o interactions are tetrahedral in nature
37
Q

Hypertonic

A

water moves out and cells shrink (high solute conc)

38
Q

Hypotonic

A

water moves in, creating outward pressure, cell swells and may eventually burst (low solute conc)

39
Q

concentration of p(x) =

A

-log (x)

40
Q

what does weak electrolyte mean?

A

doesn’t fully dissociate

41
Q

the lower the pKa…..

A

the stronger the acid

Biochemistry I (4 decks)

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