chapter 20-21 Flashcards
Thomas Newcomen
developed the first practical “atmospheric steam engine” in the 1700s - paved the way for the Industrial Revolution, proving steam could be used for power.
James Watt
Built a revolutionary steam engine that was much more effective than other machines at the time, used to pump water out of coal mines. Thomas Newcomen was usually overlooked and James Watt seen as the foremost inventor of the steam engine
The Crystal Palace (Great Exhibition of 1851)
the first industrial fair was held in 1851 in Britain in the Crystal Palace, a structure made completely of iron and glass, that showcased the many many innovations made so far during the Industrial Revolution. - showed how rich Britain was, and showcased human dominion over nature
William Cockerill
designed machines for textile production, important in spreading Industrial Revolution to parts of Europe (present-day Belgium, wherever that is)
John Cockerill
Son of William Cockerill, also useful in bringing Industrial Revolution to Belgium because both of them developed machine shops in Liège
Fritz Harkort
brough industrialization to germany
Friedrich List
advocated for use of protective tariffs
potato famine
most ppl in ireland relied on potato, adn then potato went bad because of fungas, many peope died of starvation
Edwin Chadwick
Advocated for sanitary reform,p helped with public health acts
public health act 1848
facilitates building of sanitary ssytems liek water upply and sewerage.
bcombination act 1799
made by ruling class in fear of uprising, it imposed penalties for any form of associated by workers
trade unions
to prevent workers from unnecessary risks with dangerous conditions
Luddites
opposed to techonlogical change
chartists/chartism
working class movement - to gain political rights and influence for working classes
factory act 1833
child workers must be above 9, children 9-13 can only work 9 hours a day
10 hours act/ factories act 1847
restricted working horus of womena nd young ppl (under 18 to no more than 10 hours a day
coal mines act
prohibited underground work for women, girls, and boys under 10
Steam engine
created by james watt inspired by thomas newcomen, allowed for creation of semi automated factories, increasd goods production where water power unavaiable.
pig iron
when metal cooeld and hardened, smalle ringots broken from sow, widely used since industrial revolution
factory
powered by steam engine or water, evolved from the cottage industry
entrepreneur
someone who sponsored inventors, and exploited full use of inventions
Tories/Whigs
two political parties in parliament
Zollveriein
German Customs Union, created free trade
Samuel Slater
founder of the cotton-textile industry
William Cockeriall
father of john cockerill
Corn Law of 1815
tariffs on all imported grain based food
peterloo
massacre on fields of st. Peter in manchester, fighting for rights and that type of stuff
Karlsbad Dcrees
established police to stop revolts
Decembrist Revolt
russian revolt after death of alexander l
Thomas Malthus
said population growht would always outgrow food, reproduction limit necessary
David Ricardo
made iron law of wages, said that wages would always remain at substinence level
John Stuart Mill
utilitarianist
