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microbiologyh > Chapter 20 - Antimicrobial Agents > Flashcards

Chapter 20 - Antimicrobial Agents Flashcards

1
Q

Five mechanisms of action

A

-cell wall
-protein synthesis
-nuclei acid

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2
Q

Spectrum

A

How many bacteria can they kill?

Narrow—> only kill one group ( eg gram n only)
Extended—> could kill more (eg gram n/p only)

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3
Q

Cell wall

A

Weakens cell, which bursts and dies
-assume that will target organism, since humans do not have a cell wall

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4
Q

What types attack cell wall

A

-penicillin
-cephalosporin

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5
Q

Penicillin

A

Destroys peptidoglycan, penicillin breaks peptide part of PG —> cell death—> recovery

-destroy beta lactam ring

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6
Q

Natural penicillin

A

Pen g or pen v

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7
Q

Pen g is given..

A

Given IM or IV
-gram positive (staph or strep)

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8
Q

Pen B

A

Can take orally
-resistant to stomach acid

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9
Q

Semi synthesis penicillin

A

Methicillin, oxacillin, ampicillin

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10
Q

MRSA

A

Methicillin

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11
Q

Narrow spectrum (gram positive)

A

Oxacillin
-resistant

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12
Q

Gram n/p

A

Ampicillin

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13
Q

Adverse effects of penicillin

A

Development of allergies

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14
Q

Cephalosporins

A

-resistant to B actin ring
-expensive
-drug of choice for tough to kill bacteria
-form generations (1 to 5 and improve each gen)

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15
Q

Adverse effects of cephalosporins

A

GI distress

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16
Q

Protein synthesis drugs

A

-Chloramphenicol
-erythromycin
-tetracyclin
-aminoglycosides

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17
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

-binds to. 50s subunit (bacterial ribosome)
-inhibit peptide bond formation
-structure very simple

-meningitis

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18
Q

Chloramphenicol structure

A

-can be made in lab
-penetrates BBB

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19
Q

Adverse effects of chloramphenicol

A

-aplastic anaemia
-grey baby syndrome

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20
Q

Aplastic anaemia

A

Suppress bone marrow production: fatal

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21
Q

Grey baby syndrome

A

Literally turn baby grey

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22
Q

Erythromycin

A

-Binds to 50s subunit
-larger molecule
-macrocyclic ring family
-choice of drug for allergy to penicillin
-can come in syrup form

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23
Q

Adverse effects of erythromycin

A

GI tract discomfort

24
Q

Aminoglycosides—> streptomycin

A

Attach to 30s subunit
-changes shape and can no longer read mRNA/reads it incorrectly
-end translation early
-incomplete protein

25
Q

Adverse effect of streptomycin

A

Auditory nerve and kidney failure

26
Q

Tetracyclin

A

-attach 30s subunit (interfere with tRNA)
-broadest spectrum
-good for animal herds

27
Q

Adverse effects of tetracyclin

A

-destroy GI tract normal flora (diarrhea)
-pregnancy: severe skull deformation and affect mothers kidney/liver
-children: discolouration of teeth

28
Q

Medication that attacks nucleic acid

A

-rifamycin
-quinolones/fluroqunolones

29
Q

Rifamycin

A

-good for TB since inhibits RNA polymerase (transcription of RNA)
-easily absorbed orally

30
Q

Adverse effects of rifamycin

A

In high doses, causes liver damage
-never taken pregnant or with oral contraceptives

31
Q

Quinolones/fluroquiolones

A

Q: Missing fluoride atom
F: better penetration
-inhibit action of DNA gyrase

32
Q

Adverse effect of q/F

A

Block cartiledge development

33
Q

Medicine targeting plasma membrane

A

-polymyxin B
-amphotericin B

34
Q

Polymyxin B

A

-topical ointment (very toxic to kidneys)
-deals with infection outside body
-pseudommonas species

35
Q

Amphotericin B

A

Fungal agents

36
Q

Medicine targets metabolic activity

A

-sulpha drug
-trimethoprim

37
Q

Sulpha drug

A

-competitive inhibitors
-attack early
Shut down PABA, used to create folic acid, without DNA/RNA synthesis

38
Q

Adverse effects of sulpha drugs

A

Third trimester: potential mental defects
-jaundice
-anemia
-allergic response

39
Q

Trimethoprim

A

-lower enzymatic reaction

40
Q

Adverse effect of trimethoprim

A

Jaundice and allergies

41
Q

Antivirals are

A

Nucleoside analog

42
Q

Nucleoside analog

A

Mimics nucleotide
S+B minus a phosphate

43
Q

Examples of nucleoside analog/false nucleotides: Acyclorir

A

Herpes 2, mimics G

44
Q

Examples of nucleoside analog/false nucleotides: gancicolvir

A

Herpes 5, mimics G
-eye infection

45
Q

Examples of nucleoside analog/false nucleotides: axidothymidine

A

HIV, mimics T
-anti retro viral drug

46
Q

Examples of nucleoside analog/false nucleotides: lamivudine

A

HIV and Hep B, mimics C

47
Q

Examples of nucleoside analog/false nucleotides: ribavirin

A

Influenza, mimics G

48
Q

Drug can treat meningitis

A

Chloramphenicol

49
Q

Used for legionnaires disease, skin diseases

A

Erythromycin

50
Q

Used for TB but not anymore because of resistance

A

Streptomycin

51
Q

Drug of choice for mycoplasma

A

Tetracycline

52
Q

Drug for TB

A

Rifamycin

53
Q

Legionnaires and UTI

A

Quinolones and fluoroquinolones

54
Q

Drug for Blue/green pus —> pseudomonas infections

A

Polymyxin B

55
Q

Commonly used for UTIs

A

Trimethoprim

56
Q

What is a nucleotide

A

It is a base plus sugar and phosphate

57
Q

What is a nucleoside

A

Base plus sugar minus the phosphate

microbiologyh (18 decks)

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