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Bio 465 - Physio > Chapter 20 - Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 20 - Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

The germ cells or [] are made in the testes and ovaries by [] and contain 23 chromosomes

The [] is formed after fusion of sperm cell and ovum and contains [] chromosomes.

A
  1. Gametes, meiosis
  2. Zygote, 46 chromosomes
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2
Q

Cells that give rsie to sperm - []

Cells that give rise to ova - []

A

Spermatogonia

Oogonia

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3
Q

What is the gene that codes for TDF (testis-determing factor)?

A

SRY

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4
Q

The early-appearing Leydig cells in embryonic testes secretes large amounts of androgens - which androgen primarily?

A

Testosterone

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5
Q

What are the embryonic, reproductive accessory sex organs ducts for males and females?

A
  • Male - wolffian (meonephric) ducts
  • Female - mullerian (paramesonephric) ducts.
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6
Q

In males - Sertoli Cells secrete [] [] factor, that causes regression of the mullerian ducts.

A

Mullerian inhibition Factor

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7
Q

The secretion of testosterone, from the [] cells, causes growth of wolffian ducts ultimately leading to the male reproductive accessory organs: [] , [], [] , []

A
  1. Leydig Cells
  2. Epididymis, Ductus (vas) deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct
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8
Q

FSH and LH are produced and secreted from where?

A
  • Anterior Pituitary
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9
Q

What is the hormone produced in the hypothalamus that stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary?

A

GnRH - gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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10
Q

What are the 3 primary effects on the gonads from the gonadatropic hormones (FSH and LH)?

A
  1. stimulation of spermatogenesis or oogenesis
  2. stimulation of gonadal hormone secretion
  3. maintenance of the structure of the gonads.
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11
Q

Whats the first flow (menstrual cycle) of a woman called?

A

Menarche

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12
Q

What are the 2 components of the testes and what does each component do?

A
  1. Seminiferous Tubules
    1. this is where spermatogenesis occurs
  2. Interstial Tissue
    1. Contains Leydig Cells - secrete testosterone
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13
Q

In Males -

FSH acts upon the [] [], specifically [] cells, stimulating [] in the seminiferous tubules

LH acts upon the [] [], stimulating the secretion of []

A
  1. Seminiferous Tubules, Sertoli Cells, Spermatogenesis
  2. Leydig Cells, testosterone
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14
Q

Does inhibin act as a negative feedback mechanism for LH?

A
  • No, testosterone acts as the negative feedback component towards LH
  • Inhibin acts as negative feedback on the secretion of FSH from the anterior pituitary
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15
Q

Where are spermatogonia found in the seminiferous tubule?

Are they diploid or haploid?

A
  • They are found at the outermost region of the seminiferious tubule, right against the basal lamina.
  • These are diploid. (they will become haploid though)
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16
Q

How do Sertoli cells aid in the transformation of spermatids to spermatozoa?

A

Sertoli cells phagocytize the “residual bodies” of cytoplasm surrounding the spermatids.

17
Q

What are the 2 tissue layers of the penis that fill with blood during erection?

A
  1. Corpora Cavernosa - dorsal
  2. Corpus Spngiosum - ventral
18
Q

Which enzyme is activated by NO in the penis to convert GTP into cGMP.

What does cGMP indirectly do to create an erection?

A
  1. Guanylate Cyclase
  2. cGMP closes Ca2+ channels.
    1. Fall in intracellular Ca2+ causes smooth muscles to relax and corpora cavernosa to relax and blood vessles to dilate = erection!
19
Q

What enzyme breaks down cGMP, specifically in the penis to cause erectile dysfunction?

What are 2 medications that inhibit this enzyme?

A
  1. Phosphodiesterase (PDE)
  2. Viagra, Cialis
20
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A
  • Perimetrium - outer layer of connective tissue
  • Myometrium - smooth muscle layer
  • Endometrium - inner epithelial layer
    • Stratum basale
    • Stratum functionale - grows and sheds during menstruation
21
Q

What is a follicle called once it is mature, it’ll have a single fluid- filled cavity?

A

Graafian Follicle

22
Q

The theca of the ovary produces [] in response to LH stimulation.

[] is convereted to estradiol by the enzyme aromatase located in the [] cells of the follicle.

A
  1. Testosterone
  2. Testosterone, granulosa
23
Q

What does FSH do to the follicle?

A
  • Stimulates increased amounts of aromatase in the granulosa cells.
  • This will increase the amount of estradiol in the blood as follicles grow under FSH stimulation.
    • Testosterone is converted to estradiol by aromatase
24
Q

If a follicle stops growing it will become [] - regression term the applies the follicle did not rupture.

This is a type of apoptosis

A

Atresia

25
Q

What is the corpus albicans?

A
  • It is a corpus lutuem from a previous non-fertile cycle that regresses to a nonfunctional state.
26
Q

Unlike the ovarian follicle, the corpus luteum secretes two sex steroid hormones: [] and []

A

Estradiol and progesterone

27
Q

The cyclic changes in the endometrium are called [], [], and [] phases…

A

Menstrual

Proliferative

secretory

28
Q

How long does the follicular phase last?

What is happening with the follicles during this phase?

What are the level of ovarian hormones during this phase? What stimulates these hormones release?

A
  1. Day 1 of the cycle to Day 13 (Highly variable)
  2. 1 follicle will reach maturity and become a graafian follicle
    1. other primary follicles can grow into secondary follicles
  3. Ganulosa cells secrete an increasing amount of estradiol
    1. ​estradiol levles are at their highest concentration in the blood 2 days before ovulation (Day 12ish)
29
Q

The rapid increase in what hormone causes the LH surge?

What does this LH surge due to the follicle?

A
  1. Estradiol
  2. Causes the wall of teh graafian follicle to rupture
30
Q

LH causes the empty follicle to become what “new” structure?

What does this structure secrete?

A

Corpus Luteum

estradiol and progesterone

31
Q

High levels of progesterone (and a little estradiol) have what “type” of effect on the release of FSH and LH?

A

Negative Feedback affect.

32
Q

During what Ovarian stage does the “Proliferative phase” of the endometrium take place?

A

Follicular

33
Q

During the proliferative phase [] secreted by the developing follicles promotes growth of the []

A

estradiol

Stratum Functionale of the endometrium

34
Q

During the secretory phase, the increased secretion of [] from the [] stimulates the development of the uterine gland.

What happens to the endometrium during this phase?

A
  1. progesterone, corpus luteum
  2. The endometrium becomes thick, vasuclar and spongy.
    1. The uterine gland becomes engorged with glycogen so it will be well prepared if fertilization occurs.
35
Q

[] [] occurs as a result of a fall in ovarian hormone secretion during the late luteal phase.

A

Menstrual phase.

36
Q

T/F

Progesterone level increase and Estrogen levels decrease at the end of the secretory phase/beginning of menstruation?

A

False.

Estrogen levels increase and progesterone levels decrease

37
Q

What hormones can actually inhibit lactation?

A

Estrogen and Progesterone

38
Q

What are the 3 main functions of estrogen during the female “cycle?”

A
  • Growth of ductile tissue, fatty deposits in breasts
  • Promotes Prolactin - acts on breast tissue growth preparing mamary gland for lactation
  • Growth and contractile responsiveness of uterine muscle to Oxytocin
    • Does not stimulate the muscle to contract though!
39
Q

What are the main functions of Progesterone during female “cycle?”

A
  • Growth glandular portion of the breast
  • Suppresses contractile activity in uterine smooth muscle
  • Maintains the secretory phase of the uterus

Bio 465 - Physio (16 decks)

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