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Bio 6 > chapter 21&22 > Flashcards

chapter 21&22 Flashcards

1
Q

A blood pressure of 135/90

A

hypertension

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2
Q

The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxed

A

diastolic

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3
Q

The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are contracting

A

systolic

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4
Q

The bottom number in a blood pressure reading

A

diastolic

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5
Q

The top number in a blood pressure reading

A

systolic

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6
Q

Higher than normal blood pressure

A

hypertension

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7
Q

A blood pressure of 117/65

A

normal

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8
Q

the situation in which blood pressure would be expected to be highest:

A

running

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9
Q

the situation in which blood pressure would be expected to be lowest

A

laying down

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10
Q

The pulse is a result of increasing and decreasing pressure in the arteries as a result of

A

ventricular systole and diastole.

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11
Q

the conduction of action potentials through the heart that generates electrical currents that can be picked up by electrodes placed on the skin and recorded is called what?

A

electrocardiogram or ECG or EKG

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12
Q

what are the names of the three clearly recognizable waves that accompany each heartbeat?

A

P wave
QRS complex
T wave

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13
Q

the first wave called the P wave is a small upward deflection on the ECG that represent what?

A

atrial depolarization

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14
Q

what does the atrial depolarization cause?

A

contraction, so a fraction of a second after the P wave begins the atria contract

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15
Q

this begins as a downward deflection then continues as a large, upright triangular wave and ends as a downward wave.

A

QRS complex

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16
Q

The QRS complex represents the onset of ventricular depolarization, which is when what occurs?

A

the ventricles start to contract

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17
Q

a dome shaped upward deflection that indicates ventricular repolarization.

A

T wave

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18
Q

what happens just after ventricular repolarization?

A

the ventricles start to relax

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19
Q

this includes all of the events associated with one heartbeat

A

cardiac cycle

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20
Q

describe the actions in a normal cardiac cycle

A

the two atria contract while the two ventricles relax

then the two ventricles contract, while the two atria relax

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21
Q

this is the term that refers to the phase of contraction

A

systole

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22
Q

this is the term that refers to the phase of relaxation

A

diastole

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23
Q

a cardiac cycle consists of systole and diastole of what

A

both atria plus both ventricles

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24
Q

what are the three phases of a cardiac cycle called

A

relaxation period
atrial systole
ventricular systole

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25
Q

this begins at the end of a cardiac cycle when the ventricles start to relax and all four chambers are in diastole.

A

relaxation period

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26
Q

contraction of atria

A

atrial systole

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27
Q

contraction of ventricles

A

ventricular systole

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28
Q

heart sounds - the sound of the heartbeat comes primarily from the closure of what?

A

the valves

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29
Q

the first sound is a long booming sound lubb caused from what

A

from the AV valves closing after ventricular systole begins

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30
Q

what are the names of the AV valves

A

tricuspid in right atrium

bicuspid or mitral valve in the left atrium

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31
Q

the second sound is a short sharp sound dub caused from what

A

from the semilunar valves closing at the end of ventricular systole

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32
Q

what are the names of the semilunar valves

A

pulmonary semilunar valve in the right ventricle

aortic semilunar valve in the left ventricle

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33
Q

the number of times the heart contracts over a period of time is called what

A

heart rate

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34
Q

the number of times arterial pressure changes over a period of time is called what

A

pulse rate

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35
Q

normally hear rate and pulse rate are what

A

the same

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36
Q

what does heart contraction cause

A

arterial pressure changes

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37
Q

blood flows from regions of what to regions of what

A

regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure; the greater the pressure difference the greater the blood flow

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38
Q

contraction of the ventricles generates what

A

blood pressure, the pressure exerted by blood on the walls of a blood vessel recorded in millimeters of mercury

39
Q

this is the pressure in your blood vessels during ventricular systole

A

systolic pressure

40
Q

this is the pressure in your blood vessels during diastole

A

diastolic pressure

41
Q

what are the five types of blood vessels

A 
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
42
Q

carry blood away from the heart to body tissues

A

arteries

43
Q

walls of arteries consists of three layers name them

A 
endothelium
smooth muscle (middle layer)
outer layer
44
Q

these are structurally similar to arteries with key differences

A

veins

45
Q

the middle and inner layers of veins are _____ than arteries

A

thinner

46
Q

the outer layer of veins is the ______ layer

A

thickest

47
Q

the ______ of a vein is wider than an artery.

A

lumen

48
Q

these have only the inner layer

A

capillaries

49
Q

the study of the heart and its disorders

A

cardiology

50
Q

the heart beats about ______ times a day or _____________ times a year

A

100,000 times a day or

35 million times a year

51
Q

the heart propels blood through approximately __________ KM of vessels

A

120,000 km

52
Q

the heart pumps about _ liters of blood per minute

A

5 liters

53
Q

describe the shape and size of the heart

A

hollow, cone shaped, and about the size of a closed fist

54
Q

where does the heart lie in the body

A

in the mediastinum

55
Q

how much of its mass lies to the left of the midline

A

two-thirds

56
Q

the pointed part at the bottom

A

apex

57
Q

the flattened part at the top where all the blood vessels come out

A

base

58
Q

the outer layer that surrounds the heart

A

Pericardium

59
Q

the strong layer of dense connective tissue

A

fibrous pericardium

60
Q

deep to the fibrous pericardium this has two layers

A

serous pericardium

61
Q

what are the two layers of the serous pericardium

A

parietal layer outside

visceral layer inside

62
Q

what is another name for the visceral layer of serous pericardium

A

epicardium

63
Q

what lies between the parietal layer and the visceral layer

A

the pericardial cavity

64
Q

this is the name given to the main structure of the hear wall that consists of cardiac muscle

A

myocardium

65
Q

this is the name given to the lining on the inside of the internal walls of the heart

A

endocardium

66
Q

this is the name given to the outer surface the visceral layer of the serous pericardium

A

epicardium

67
Q

name all the layers from the most superficial to the deepest of the pericardium and heart wall (fppeme)

A 
fibrous pericardium
parietal layer of serous pericardium
pericardial cavity
epicardium or visceral layer of serous pericardium
myocardium
endocardium
68
Q

what kind of pump is the heart

A

a muscular double pump

69
Q

this takes place on the right side and is called the short circuit where blood is taken to and from the lungs

A

pulmonary circuit

70
Q

this takes place on the left side and is called the long circuit where vessels transport blood to and from body tissues

A

systemic circuit

71
Q

these are the superior chambers that receive blood from the pulmonary and systemic circuits

A

atria

72
Q

these are the inferior chambers that are considered the pumping chambers of the heart - pump blood to pulmonary and systemic circuits

A

ventricles

73
Q

this forms the right border of the heart and receives blood from systemic circuit

A

right atrium

74
Q

the name for the ridges inside anterior or right atrium

A

pectinate muscles

75
Q

depression in interatrial septum

A

fossa ovalis

76
Q

receives blood from right atrium through the tricuspid valve

A

right ventricle

77
Q

the right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary circuit via what

A

the pulmonary trunk

78
Q

the internal walls of right ventricle have three parts name them

A

trabeculae carneae
papillary muscles
chordae tendineae

79
Q

the ridges of the internal walls of the right ventricle

A

trabeculae carneae

80
Q

these project from the walls of the right ventricle into the ventricular cavity

A

papillary muscles

81
Q

these project from the papillary muscles to flaps of the tricuspid valve

A

chordae tendineae

82
Q

this is located at the opening of the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

83
Q

this makes up the heart’s posterior surface and receives oxygen rich blood from the lungs through pulmonary veins

A

left atrium

84
Q

the left atrium opens into the left ventricle through what

A

the bicuspid or mitral valve

85
Q

this receives blood from the left atrium through the mitral/bicuspid valve and forms the apex of the heart

A

left ventricle

86
Q

the internal walls of the left ventricle have the same three components of the right ventricle what are they

A

trabeculae carneae
papillary muscles
chordae tendineae

87
Q

the left ventricle pumps blood through the systemic circuit via what

A

the aortic semilunar valve

88
Q

what is the mechanical activity going on during p wave

A

atrial systole

89
Q

what is the mechanical activity going on during QRS complex

A

ventricular systole

90
Q

what is the mechanical activity going on during t wave

A

diastole

91
Q

what is the electrical activity going on during P wave

A

atrial depolarization

92
Q

what is the electrical activity going on during QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization

93
Q

what is the electrical activity going on during T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

Bio 6 (18 decks)

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