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MB Final Exam > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the central nervous system?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

The ____ have three layers and they protect the brain and spinal cord

A

Meningies

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3
Q

What are the three layers of the Meningies?

A

Dura Mater-Outer
Arachnoid-Middle
Subarachnoid- CSF
Pia Matter- Inner

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4
Q

The separation of the circulating blood and the brain extracellular fluid that acts to protect the brain from common infections is called

A

Blood Brain Barrier

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5
Q

What are two exceptions that are not blocked through the blood brain barrier and can still cause brain damage?

A

Lyme disease

Syphilis

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6
Q

The swelling of the layers around the brain

A

Meningitis

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7
Q

The swelling of the brain

A

Encephalitis

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8
Q

The swelling of the brain and the meningies

A

Meningoencephalitis

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9
Q

Niesseria meningitides causes ____ ______ and it is spread from person to person through a transfer of large droplet respiratory secretions (sneezing)

A

Meningococcal meningitis

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10
Q

_______ _______ causes pneumococcal meningitis as well as pneumonia

A

Streptococcal pneumonia

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11
Q

______ _____ type b was once thought to be the cause of influenza, but it actually causes Haemophilus meningitis

A

Haemophilus influenza

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12
Q

What three species of meningitis can cross the blood brain barrier and cause meningitis?

A

Meningococcal meningitis
Streptococcal pneumona
Haemophilus influenza

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13
Q

_______ usually manifests itself as meningaencephalitis or septicemia

A

Listerosis

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14
Q

Listerosis is caused by _____ _____

A

Listeria Monocytogenes

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15
Q

What is Listeria caused by?

A

Food contaminated with feces, contaminated animal products (soft cheese, cold cuts)

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16
Q

What makes Listeria bacteria virulent?

A

Multiples in macrophages and is stable at fridge temperatures

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17
Q

What are the initial symptoms of bacterial meningitis?

A

Fever, stiff neck, headache

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18
Q

What are the secondary symptoms of bacterial meningitis?

A

Nausea and Vomiting

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19
Q

What are the last stages of a bacteria meningitis infection?

A

Convulsions and Coma

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20
Q

How do you diagnose meningitis?

A

Gram Stain

Latex agglutination of CSF

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21
Q

Tetanus is caused by ______ ______

A

Clostridium tetani

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22
Q

____ is a gram positive, endospore forming obligate anaerobe (doesn’t need oxygen)

A

Tetani endotoxin

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23
Q

_____ is released from dead cells and blocks relaxation way in muscles

A

Tetanospasmin

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24
Q

Prevention of Tetanus is with a ____ ___ (DTP) and booster

A

Tetnas Toxoid

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25
Q

Because the dead cells remain, it allows for the perfect growing place for tetanus because there is no ______

A

oxygen

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26
Q

Botulism is caused by _____ ______ and is a gram positive obligate anaerobe that is also endospore forming

A

Clostridium botulinum

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27
Q

How do you get botulism?

A

Ingestion of botulism toxin

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28
Q

Botulinal toxin blocks release of _____ causing flaccid paralysis

A

neurotransmitter

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29
Q

What are some common symptoms of botulism?

A 
Double/blurred vision
Droopy eyes
Slurred speech
Dry Mouth
Muscle Weakness
Difficultly swallowing
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30
Q

What are the main causes for botulism?

A

Inproper canning

Nitrates found in sausages

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31
Q

______ _____ results from C. botulinum growing in the intestines

A 
Infant Botulism
(infection followed by intoxication)
32
Q

____ _____ results from growth of C. botulinum in wounds

A 
Wound botulism 
(infection followed by intoxication)
33
Q

_____ is also known as Hanseins Disease.

A

Leprosy

34
Q

Leprosy is caused by ______ _____

A

Myobacterium leprae

35
Q

Myobacterium leprae is caused by acid-fast rod that grows best at _____ in skin and peripheral nerve cells

A

30 degrees Celsius

36
Q

Transmission of Leprosy requires _____ contact with an infected person

A

prolonged

37
Q

This form of leprosy causes loss of sensation in skin areas

A

Tuberculoid (neural) form

38
Q

This form of leprosy is causes disfiguring nodules all over the body

A

Lepromatous (progressive) form

39
Q

Is the tetanus vaccine directed at the bacteria or at the toxin?

A

Toxin

40
Q

Polliomyelistis is caused by the _______

A

Polliovirus

41
Q

How is Pollio transmitted?

A

Ingestion of fecal-oral

42
Q

What are the initial symptoms of polio?

A

Sore throat and nausea

43
Q

If the polliovirus is persistent, it can center the ____ and cause infection to get into the meninges and cause paraylsis

A

CNS

44
Q

Pollio causes the destruction of _____ cells and _____ occurs in <1%

A

motor

paralysis

45
Q

How can you prevent polio?

A

vaccination

46
Q

The _____ may be the next infectious disease eradicated

A

Poliovirus

47
Q

Where can the poliovirus multiply?

A

Tonsils
Lymph Tissue
Gastrointestinal

48
Q

In ____ polio, the virus infects the medulla, affecting the neck, face and upper torso

A

Bubar

49
Q

Rabies is caused by the ____ virus

A

Rabies

50
Q

Rabies is transmitted by _____ ____

A

Animal bite

51
Q

In _____ rabies, animals are restless then highly excitable

A

Furious

52
Q

In ____ rabies, animals seem unaware of surroundings

A

Paralytic

53
Q

____ has the highest mortality rate than any other human disease

A

Rabies

54
Q

What animals most commonly carry rabies? What happens to them mentally?

A

Raccoons and bats
Hydrophobia
more likely to bite

55
Q

First symptoms of rabies are ____ ____ ____ ___

A

Fever, headache, increased muscle tension

56
Q

Patients become alert, and ____ then paralysis and brain _____

A

aggressive

degeneration

57
Q

Dealth from respiratory paralysis occurs ____ ____

A

within days

58
Q

_____-____ immunizations can be done immediately after exposure

A

Post exposure

59
Q

The incubation varies from ____ to ____ depends on the location of entry and amount of virus entering the body

A

6 days

1 year

60
Q

____ ____ is caused by arthropod-bourne (mosquito) viruses that belong to several families (west nile or yellow fever)

A

Arboviral encephaltis

61
Q

What symptoms come with Arbovirus?

A

pain in head and neck
convulsions
coma

62
Q

Patients who recover from arbovirus may suffer from ____ or ____

A

paralysis

mental disorder

63
Q

What are infectious proteins?

A

Prions

64
Q

TSEs or _____ ____ _____ can occur in humans and other animals

A

Transmissable spongieform encephalopathies

65
Q

What are some example of prion formed infections?

A

Mad Cow
Sheep Scrapie
KuRu

66
Q

TSEs can spread when prions bind to normal prions causing ______

A

Normal prions to change shape and become infectious

67
Q

What are some symptoms of prion infections?

A

Dementia
Weakened muscles
Loss of balance

68
Q

Death to the host occurs from nerve cell death leading to _____ ____ in the brain

A

Sponge-like

69
Q

______ _____ or brain eating amoeba is a primary amoebic meningoencephaltis is a rare disease

A

Naegleria fowleri

70
Q

In brain eating amoeba, ____ infect nasal mucosa

A

Protozoan

71
Q

Where is brain eating amoeba found?

A

Warm standing water, ponds, lakes

72
Q

What are the primary symptoms of Naegleria fowler?

A

Headache, nausea, stiff neck, vomitting

73
Q

What are the secondary symptoms of Naegleria fowler?

A

Hallucinations
Lack of attention
Seizures

74
Q

After the start of symptoms from Naegleria fowler, disease progresses rapidly from __to__ days and death occurring from __to__ days

A

3 to 7

4 to 14

75
Q

Borrelia causes ___ disease and Treponema palladium causes _____

A

lyme

syphilis

MB Final Exam (5 decks)

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