Chapter 23

Question 1

What is a spontaneous change?

Answer 1

Change that occurs without input of energy from outside the system

Question 2

What is a non spontaneous change?

Answer 2

Change that occurs only if the surroundings continuously supply energy to the system

Question 3

What happens to a reaction when a spontaneous process has begun?

Answer 3

no further energy is needed

Question 4

If a change in one direction is spontaneous, what will it be in the reverse direction?

Answer 4

nonspontaneous

Question 5

Within the first law of thermodynamics, what is energy?

Answer 5

It is conserved, neither created or destroyed. it was rather transferred in the form of heat and work

Question 6

What does the law of conservation of energy apply to? What does it not predict?

Answer 6

it applies to all changes, but it does not allow us to predict the direction of a spontaneous change

Question 7

What is the total energy of the universe constant?

Answer 7

Esys = -Esurr
Esys + Esurr = Euniv = 0

Question 8

What do spontaneous exothermic processes include?

Answer 8

-freezing and condensation at low temperatures,
-combustion reactions,
-oxidation of iron and other metals

Question 9

What does a spontaneous endothermic process include?

Answer 9

melting and vaporization at higher temperatures,
dissolving of most soluble salts.

Question 10

What does the sign of delta H not predict itself?

Answer 10

direction of a spontaneous change

Question 11

What are all spontaneous endothermic process resulted in?

Answer 11

an increase in the freedom of motion of the particles in system; also exhibit an increase in entropy

Question 12

What is the key factor affecting the direction of a spontaneous process?

Answer 12

A change in the freedom of motion of particles

Question 13

What does it mean to be quantized?

Answer 13

a system of particles also has different allowed energy states

Question 14

What is a micro state?

Answer 14

It is a state that is present in each quantized energy state for a system of particles. at a given set condition they are the same total energy as any other

Question 15

the larger the number of possible micro states, the larger the number of?

Answer 15

ways a system can disperse its energy

Question 16

A system with fewer micro states has?

Answer 16

lower entropy

Question 17

A system with more micro states has?

Answer 17

higher entropy

Question 18

What is a reversible process?

Answer 18

one that occurs in such tiny increments that the system remains at equilibrium, and the direction of the change can be reversed by an infinitesimal reversal of conditions

Question 19

When we consider both system and surroundings, what is found out?

Answer 19

all real processes occur spontaneously in the direction that increases the entropy of the universe.

Question 20

For a process to be spontaneous:

Answer 20

a decrease in the entropy of the system must be offset by a larger increase in the entropy of the surroundings.

Question 21

Which has a zero point, entropy or enthalpy?

Answer 21

entropy

Question 22

What factors affect entropy?

Answer 22

-temperature (increases as temperature increase)
-entropy depends on the physical state of the substance (increases from solid liquid to gas)
-the formation of a solution affects entropy
-entropy is relaxed to atomic size and molecular complexity

Question 23

true or false: S is higher or larger atoms for molecules of the same type

Answer 23

true

Question 24

How does S pertain in alltropes?

Answer 24

it is higher in the form that allows the atoms more freedom of motion, but it only hold true for substances in the same physical state

Question 25

What is the standard entropy of reaction

Answer 25

the entropy change that occurs when all reactants and products are in their standard states.

Question 26

When is the standard entropy of reaction positive

Answer 26

when the amount of gas increases or when there is new structure that form

Question 27

when is the standard entropy of reaction negative

Answer 27

when the amount of gas decrease

Question 28

In terms of surroundings, describe an exothermic process

Answer 28

surroundings absorb the heat released by the system, and Ssurr increases.

Question 29

In terms of surroundings, describe an endothermic process

Answer 29

the surroundings provide the heat absorbed by the system, and Ssurr decreases

Question 30

how does surrounds impact temperature

Answer 30

it is the same regardless of the temperature of the surroundings, however it is larger when the surrounds are at a lower temperature, because there is a greater relative change in the Ssurr

Question 31

Explain delta s and the equilibrium state?

Answer 31

there is no further net change and the system is balance by the surroundings. neither the forward for the reverse reaction is spontaneous so no net reaction in either direction