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A & P Unit 5 > Chapter 23 Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 23 Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal tract do?

A

digests and absorbs food

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2
Q

The alimentary canal is what parts of the body?

A

the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

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3
Q

The accessory digestive organs are?

A

teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas

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4
Q

The GI tract is a ___________line.

A

disassembly line

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5
Q

Along the (GI Tract) disassembly line the nutrients become

A

move available to the body in each step

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6
Q

There are six essential activities:

A

Ingestion, propulsion, and mechanical digestion

Chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation

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7
Q

Ingestion

A

taking food into the digestive tract

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8
Q

Propulsion

A

swallowing and peristalsis

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9
Q

Peristalsis

A

waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in the organ walls

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10
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

chewing, mixing, and churning food

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11
Q

Peritoneum

A

the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

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12
Q

The peritoneum has ___ layers

A

two; visceral and parietal

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13
Q

Visceral

A

covers the external surface of most digestive organs

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14
Q

Parietal

A

lines the body wall

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15
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

lubricates digestive organs and allows them to slide across one another

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16
Q

Mesentery-double layer of peritoneum that provides:

A
  • Vascular and nerve supplies to the viscera

* Hold digestive organs in place and store fat

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17
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A

organs outside the peritoneum

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18
Q

Peritoneal organs (intra-peritoneal)-

A

organs surrounded by peritoneum

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19
Q

Chemical digestion

A

catabolic breakdown of food

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20
Q

Absorption

A

movement of nutrients from the GI tract to the blood or lymph

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21
Q

Defecation

A

elimination of indigestible solid wastes

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22
Q

Histology–From esophagus to the anal canal the walls of the GI tract has the same ______ tunics

A

four

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23
Q

Histology–from the lumen outward they are the _______,_______, ________, and ______.

A

musosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

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24
Q

Histology–Each tunic has a predominant tissue type and a specific ____________.

A

digestive function.

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25
Q

Mucosa

A

moist epithelial layer that lines the lumen of the alimentary canal

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26
Q

Three major functions of the mucosa:

A
  • secretion of mucus
  • absorption of end products of digestion
  • protection against infectious disease
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27
Q

The mucosa consists of three layers:

A

a lining epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae

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28
Q

Mucosa :Lamina Propria

A
  • loose areolar and reticular connective tissue
  • nourishes the epithelium and absorbs nutrients
  • contains lymph nodes (part of MALT) importance in defense against bacteria
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29
Q

Mucosa: Muscularis Mucosae

A

smooth muscle cells that produce local movements of the mucosa

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30
Q

Mucosa: Epithelial Lining

A

*Simple columnar epithelium and mucus-secreting goblet cells
*Mucus secretions:
*Protect digestive organs from digesting themselves
*Ease food along the tract
*Stomach and small intestine mucosa contain:
*Enzyme-secreting cells
*Hormone-secreting cells (making them endocrine
and digestive organs)

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31
Q

Mucosa: Other Sublayers

A

Submucosa, Muscularis Externa and Serosa

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32
Q

Submucosa

A

dense connective tissue containing elastic fibers, blood and lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and nerves

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33
Q

Muscularis Externa

A

responsible for segmentation and peristalsis

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34
Q

Serosa

A

the protective visceral peritoneum

  • replaced by the fibrous adventitia in the esophagus
  • retroperitoneal organs have both an adventitia and serosa
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35
Q

Oral or buccal cavity

A
  • is bounded by lips, cheeks, palate, and tongue
  • has the oral orifice as its anterior opening
  • is continuous with the oropharynx posteriorly
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36
Q

To withstand abrasions:

A
  • the mouth is lined with stratified squamous epithelium

* the gums, hard palate, and dorsum of tongue are slightly keratinized

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37
Q

Lips and cheeks have a core of

A

skeletal muscles.

  • Lips: orbicularis oris
  • Cheeks: buccinators
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38
Q

Vestibule

A

bounded by the lips and cheeks externally, and teeth and gums internally

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39
Q

Oral cavity proper

A

the area that lies within the teeth and gums

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40
Q

Labial frenulum

A

median fold that joins the internal aspect of each lip to the gum

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41
Q

Hard palate

A

underlain by palatine bones and palatine bones and palatine processes of the maxillae

  • Assists the tongue in chewing
  • Slightly corrugated on either side of the raphe (midline ridge)
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42
Q

Soft palate

A

mobile fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle

  • Closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing
  • Uvula projects downward from its free edge
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43
Q

Palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches form the

A

borders of the fauces

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44
Q

tongue

A

occupies the floor of the mouth and fills the oral cavity when the mouth is closed

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45
Q

Functions of the tongue:

A
  • gripping and repositioning food during chewing
  • mixing food with saliva and forming the bolus
  • initiation of swallowing, and speech
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46
Q

Intrinsic muscles change the

A

shape of the tongue

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47
Q

Extrinsic muscles alter the

A

tongue’s position

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48
Q

Lingual frenulum secures the

A

tongue to the floor of the mouth

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49
Q

The tongues superior surface bears three types of papillae

A

Filiform, Fungiform, and Circumvallate

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50
Q

Filiform

A

give the tongue roughness and provide friction

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51
Q

Fungiform

A

scattered widely over the tongue and give it a reddish hue

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52
Q

Circumvallate

A

V-shaped row in back of tongue

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53
Q

Sulcus terminalis

A

groove that separates the tongue into two areas:

  • Anterior 2/3 residing in the oral cavity
  • Posterior third residing in the oropharynx
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54
Q

Salivary glands

A

produce and secrete saliva that:

  • cleanses the mouth
  • moisten and dissolves food chemicals
  • aid in bolus formation
  • contains enzymes that break down startch
55
Q

Parotid

A

lies anterior to the ear between the masseter muscle and skin
*Parotid duct opens into the vestibuluar next to second upper molar

56
Q

Submandibular

A

lies along the medial aspect of the mandibular body

*its ducts open at the base of the lingual frenulum

57
Q

Sublingual

A

lies anterior to the submandibular gland under the tongue

*it opens via 10-12 ducts into the floor of the mouth

58
Q

Teeth

A

there are primary and permanent dentitions have formed by age 21

59
Q

Primary teeth

A

20 deciduous teeth that erupt at intervals between 6 and 24 months

60
Q

Permanent teeth

A

enlarge and develop causing the root of deciduous teeth to be resorbed and fall out between the ages of 6 and 12 years

  • all but the third molars have erupted by the end of adolescence
  • Usually 32 permanent teeth
61
Q

Teeth are classified according to their ____ and ____.

A

shape and function

62
Q

Incisors

A

chisel-shaped teeth for cutting or nipping

63
Q

Canines

A

fanglike teeth that tear or pierce

64
Q

Premolars (bicuspids) and molars

A

have broad crowns with rounded tips; best suited for grinding or crushing

65
Q

During chewing, upper and lower molars

A

lock together generating crushing force

66
Q

Periodontal ligament

A
  • anchors the tooth in the alveolus of the jaw

* forms the fibrous joint called a gomaphosis

67
Q

Gingival sulcus

A

depression where the gingiva borders the tooth

68
Q

Dentin

A

bonelike material deep to the enamel cap that forms the bulk of the tooth

69
Q

Pulp Cavity

A

cavity surrounded by dentin that contains pulp

70
Q

Pulp

A

connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves

71
Q

Root Canal

A

the portion of the pulp cavity that extends into the root

72
Q

Apical foramen

A

proximal opening to the root canal

73
Q

Odontoblasts

A

secrete and maintain dentin throughout life

74
Q

The tooth has two main regions

A

crown and the root

75
Q

Crown

A

the exposed part of the tooth above the gingiva

76
Q

Enamel

A

acellular, brittle material composed of calcium salts and hydroxyapatite crystals; the hardest substance in the body
*encapsules the crown of the tooth

77
Q

Root

A

the portion of the tooth embedded in the jawbone

78
Q

Neck

A

constriction where the crown and root come together

79
Q

Cementum

A

calcified connective tissue

  • covers the root
  • attaches it to the periodontal ligament
80
Q

Pharynx

A

from the mouth, the oro- and laryngopharynx allow passage or:

  • Food and fluids to the esophagus
  • Air to the trachea
81
Q

The pharynx is lined with

A

stratified squamous epithelium and mucus glands

82
Q

The pharynx has two skeletal muscle layers

A
  • Inner longitudinal

* Outer pharyngeal constrictors

83
Q

Deglutition (Swallowing)

A

Coordinated activity of the tongue, soft palate, pharynx, esophagus, and 22 separate muscle groups

84
Q

Buccal phase

A

bolus is forced into the oropharynx

85
Q

Pharyngeal-esophageal phase

A

controlled by the medulla and lower pons

*all routes except into the digestive tract are sealed off

86
Q

Peristalsis moves food through the

A

pharynx to the esophagus

87
Q

Esophagus

A
  • muscular tube going from the laryngopharynx to the stomach
  • travels through the mediastinum and pierces the diaphragm
  • joins the stomach at the cardiac orifice
88
Q

Digestive Processes in the Mouth

A
  • Food is ingested
  • Mechanical digestion begins (chewing)
  • Propulsion is initiated by swallowing
  • Salivary amylase begins chemical breakdown of starch
  • The pharynx and esophagus serve as conduits to pass food from the mouth to the stomach
89
Q

Stomach

A

chemical breakdown of proteins begins and good is converted to chime (the pulpy acidic fluid that passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food)

90
Q

Cardiac region

A

surrounds the cardiac orifice

91
Q

Fundus

A

dome-shaped region beneath the diaphragm (superior side)

92
Q

Body

A

midportion of the stomach

93
Q

Pyloric region

A

made up of the antrum and canal which terminates at the pylorus

94
Q

Pylorus

A

is continuous with the duodenum through the pyloric sphincter

95
Q

Small Intestine: Gross Anatomy

  • runs from pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve
  • has three subdivisions:
A

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

96
Q

the bile duct (from the gallbladder) and main pancreatic duct:

A
  • Join the duodenum at the hepatopancreatic ampulla

* Are controlled by the sphincter of Oddi

97
Q

The jejunum extends

A

from the duodenum to the ileum

98
Q

The ileum joins the

A

large intestine at the ileocecal valve

99
Q

The stomach:

A
  • Holds ingested food
  • Degrades this food both physically and chemically
  • Delivers chyme to the small intestine
  • Enzymatically digests proteins with pepsin
  • Secretes intrinsic factor required for the absorption of vitamin B12
100
Q

Liver

A

the largest gland in the body

101
Q

The liver superficially has four lobes

A

right, left, caudate, and quadrate

102
Q

The falciform ligament

A
  • separates the right and left lobes anteriorly

* suspends the liver from the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall

103
Q

the ligamentum teres

A
  • is a remnant of the fetal umbilical vein

* runs along the free edge of the falciform ligament

104
Q

The gallbladder

A
  • thin-walled, green muscular sac on the ventral (underside) surface of the liver
  • stores and concentrates bile by absorbing its water and ions
  • releases bile via the cystic duct, which flows into the bile duct
105
Q

Liver; Associated Structures

A
  • the lesser omentum anchors the liver to the stomach
  • the hepatic blood vessels enter the liver at the porta hepatis
  • the gallbladder rests in a recess on the inferior surface of the right lobe
106
Q

composition of bile

A

*a yellow-green, alkaline solution containing bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol , neutral fats, phospholipids, and electrolytes

107
Q

Bile salts are cholesterol derivatives that:

A
  • Emulsify fat
  • facilitate fat and cholesterol absorption
  • help solubilize cholesterol
108
Q

Enterohepatic circulation recycles

A

bile salts

109
Q

the chief bile pigment is

A

bilirubin, a waste product of heme

110
Q

Liver produces

A

bile

111
Q

Pancreas Location

A
  • lies deep to the greater curvature of the stomach

* the head is encircled by the duodenum and the tall abuts (next to or to touch/lean upon) the spleen

112
Q

Pancreas Exocrine Function

A
  • secretes pancreatic juice which breaks down all categories of foodstuff
  • Acini (clusters of secretory cells) contain zymogen granules with digestive enzymes
113
Q

Pancreas Endocrine Function

A

release of insulin and glucagon

114
Q

Digestion in Small Intestine-As chyme enters the duodenum

A
  • carbohydrates and proteins are only partially digested

* no fat digestion has taken place

115
Q

Digestion continues in the small intestine

A
  • Chyme is released slowly into the duodenum
  • Because it is hypertonic and has low pH, mixing is required for proper digestion
  • Required substances needed are supplied by the liver
  • Virtually all nutrient absorption takes place in the small intestine
116
Q

Large Intestine has three unique features:

A

Teniae coli, haustra, and epiploic appendages

117
Q

Teniae coli

A

three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in its muscularis

118
Q

Haustra

A

pocketlike sacs caused by the tone of the tenia coli

119
Q

Epiploic appendages

A

fat-filled ouches of visceral peritoneum

120
Q

The large intestine is subdivided into the

A

cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anal canal

121
Q

The saclike cecum

A
  • lies below the ileocecal valve in the right iliac fossa

* contains a wormlike vermiform appendix

122
Q

The color has distinct regions:

A

ascending colon, hepatic flexure, transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon and sigmoid colon

123
Q

The transverse and sigmoid portions of the colon are anchored

A

via mesenteries called mesocolons

124
Q

The sigmoid colon joins the

A

rectum

125
Q

The anal canal, the last segment of the large intestine, opens

A

to the exterior at the anus

126
Q

Three valves of the rectum stop feces from being passed with

A

gas

127
Q

The anus has two sphincters

A
  • Internal anal sphincter composed of smooth muscle

* External anal sphincter composed of skeletal muscle

128
Q

The sphincters are closed except during

A

defecation

129
Q

Stomach and colon cancers rarely have

A

early signs or symptoms

130
Q

Metastasized colon cancers frequently cause

A

secondary liver cancer

131
Q

Prevention of stomach or colon cancer is by

A

regular dental and medical examinations

132
Q

Colon cancer is the 2nd largest cause of cancer deaths in

A

males (lung cancer is 1st)

133
Q

Forms from benign mucosal tumors called polyps whose formations

A

increase with age

134
Q

Regular colon examinations should be done for all

A

those over 50

A & P Unit 5 (2 decks)

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