Chapter 23: The Respiratory System

Question 1

1) Which of the following is NOT part of the upper respiratory system?
a) Nose
b) Oral cavity
c) Pharynx
d) Trachea
e) Nasal meatuses

Answer 1

d

Question 2

2) Which of the following is NOT a conducting zone action?
a) Clean air of debris
b) Conduct air into the lungs
c) Add water to air
d) Warm air
e) All of these are actions of the conducting zone.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

3) Which of the following is NOT a factor that determines the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange?
a) Partial pressure difference of gases
b) surface are availability for gas exchange
c) Diffusion distance
d) Molecular weight and solubility of the gases
e) All of these are factors that determine the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

4) Which of the following is a passageway for air, food and water?
a) Pharynx
b) Larynx
c) Paranasal sinuses
d) Trachea
e) Esophagus

Answer 4

A

Question 5

5) Which structure prevents food or water from entering the trachea?
a) Arytenoid cartilage
b) Epiglottis
c) Nasopharynx
d) Thyroid cartilage
e) Paranasal sinus

Answer 5

B

Question 6

6) The gas law that describes the pressure changes that occur during pulmonary ventilation is
a) Boyle’s law
b) Charles’ law
c) Henry’s law
d) The inhalation law
e) The law of partial pressure

Answer 6

A

Question 7

7) Which structure is located anterior to the esophagus and carries air to the bronchi?
a) Trachea
b) Larynx
c) Nasopharynx
d) Pharynx
e) None of these choices

Answer 7

A

Question 8

8) Which of the following is the primary gas exchange site?
a) Trachea
b) Bronchiole
c) Nasal sinuses
d) Alveolus
e) Bronchus

Answer 8

D

Question 9

9) Which of the below tissues maintains open airways in the lower respiratory system?
a) stratified squamous epithelium with keratin
b) ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
c) hyaline cartilage
d) mucus membrane
e) bone

Answer 9

C

Question 10

10) Which of the below tissues provides the functions of the inner layer of the conducting organs?
a) stratified squamous epithelium with keratin
b) ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
c) ciliated cuboidal epithelium with goblet cells
d) transitional epithelium with cilia
e) columnar connective tissue with goblet cells

Answer 10

B

Question 11

11) The point where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi is a ridge called a) Carina
b) Secondary bronchioles
c) Parietal pleura
d) Visceral pleura
e) Diaphragm

Answer 11

A

Question 12

12) Which of the below tissues forms the exchange surfaces of the alveolus?
a) stratified squamous epithelium
b) ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
c) simple squamous epithelium
d) hyaline cartilage
e) columnar connective tissue with goblet cells

Answer 12

C

Question 13

13) Which of the following are cells of the alveoli that produce surfactant?
a) Type I alveolar cells
b) Type II alveolar cells
c) Type III alveolar cells
d) Surface cells
e) Macrophages

Answer 13

B

Question 14

14) Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects pulmonary ventilation?
a) Lung compliance
b) Suface tension of alveolar fluid
c) Elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs
d) Airway resistance
e) All of these are factors that affect pulmonary ventilation

Answer 14

E

Question 15

Which of the following indicates the direction of diffusion of gases at the alveoli of the lungs?
a) oxygen into blood, Carbon dioxide into blood
b) oxygen out of blood, Carbon dioxide into blood
c) oxygen into blood, Carbon dioxide out of blood
d) oxygen out of blood, Carbon dioxide out of blood

Answer 15

C

Question 16

16) Exhalation begins when
a) Inspiratory muscles relax
b) Diaphragm contracts
c) Blood circulation is the lowest
d) Both Inspiratory muscles relax, and Diaphragm contracts
e) All of these choices

Answer 16

A

Question 17

17) Which of the following is the sum of the residual and the expiratory reserve volume?
a) Total lung capacity
b) Functional residual capacity
c) Inspiratory capacity
d) Vital capacity
e) Minimal volume

Answer 17

B

Question 18

18) Which of the following is NOT a factor that the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange depends on?
a) Partial pressure difference of the gases
b) Surface area for gas exchange
c) Diffusion distance
d) Molecular weight and solubility of the gases
e) Force of contraction of the diaphragm

Answer 18

E

Question 19

19) Which of the following is the dominant method of carbon dioxide transport?
a) Bound to hemoglobin
b) Bound to oxygen
c) Dissolved in plasma as a gas
d) Dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ions
e) Diffusion

Answer 19

D

Question 20

20) When blood pH drops, the amount of oxyhemoglobin _____ and oxygen delivery to the tissue cells _____.
a) Increases, increases
b) Increases, decreases
c) Decreases, increases
d) Decreases, decreases
e) Does not change, does not change

Answer 20

C

Question 21

21) Which of the following is a factor that does NOT affect hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen?
a) pH of blood
b) Partial pressure of the oxygen
c) Amount of oxygen available
d) Temperature
e) Respiratory rate

Answer 21

E

Question 22

53) Normal quiet breathing is controlled by the
a) Pontine respiratory group
b) Medullary respiratory center dorsal respiratory group
c) Medullary respiratory center ventral respiratory group
d) Medullary respiratory center dorsal respiratory group and medullary respiratory center ventral respiratory group
e) all of these

Answer 22

E

Question 23

62) Which of the following is a forced exhalation against the closed rima glottidis as may occur during periods of straining while defecating?
a) sobbing
b) coughing
c) crying
d) hiccupping
e) Valsalva maneuver

Answer 23

E

Question 24

63) Which of the following is a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm followed by spasmodic closure of the rima glottidis, which produces a sharp sound on inhalation?
a) sneezing
b) coughing
c) laughing
d) hiccupping
e) Valsalva maneuver

Answer 24

D

Question 25

64) Which of the following is an inhalation followed by many short convulsive exhalations during which the rima glottidis remains open and the vocal folds vibrate, accompanied by characteristic facial expressions?
a) sneezing
b) yawning
c) hiccupping
d) laughing
e) Valsalva maneuver

Answer 25

D

Question 26

65) Which of the following is an inhalation followed by many short convulsive exhalations during which the rima glottidis remains open and the vocal folds vibrate, accompanied by characteristic facial expressions?
a) sneezing
b) yawning
c) hiccupping
d) crying
e) Valsalva maneuver

Answer 26

D

Question 27

66) Which of the following is a series of convulsive inhalations followed by a single prolonged exhalation where the rima glottidis closes earlier than normal after each inhalation so only a little air enters the lung with each inhalation?
a) sobbing
b) sneezing
c) coughing
d) hiccupping
e) Valsalva maneuver

Answer 27

A

Question 28

67) Which of the following is a deep inhalation through a widely opened mouth producing an exaggerated depression of the mandible, the precise cause of which is unknown?
a) sobbing
b) yawning
c) coughing
d) laughing
e) hiccupping

Answer 28

B

Question 29

68) Which of the following is a long drawn and deep inhalation immediately followed by a shorter but forceful exhalation?
a) sobbing
b) yawning
c) sighing
d) hiccupping
e) Valsalva maneuver

Answer 29

C

Question 30

69) Which of the following is a spasmodic contraction of the muscles of exhalation that forcefully expels air through the nose and mouth?
a) sobbing
b) sneezing
c) coughing
d) sighing
e) Valsalva maneuver

Answer 30

B

Question 31

70) Which of the following is a long drawn and deep inhalation followed by a complete closure of the rima glottidis, which results in a strong exhalation, pushing the rima glottidis open and sending a blast of air through the upper respiratory passages?
a) crying
b) sneezing
c) coughing
d) sighing
e) Valsalva maneuver

Answer 31

C

Question 32

74) Where is the rhythmicity center for respiration?
a) in the medulla
b) in the pons
c) in the cerebrum
d) in the hypothalamus
e) in the cerebellum

Answer 32

A

Question 33

75) With which body system does the respiratory system work to regulate the pH of body fluids?
a) muscular
b) digestive
c) nervous
d) endocrine
e) urinary

Answer 33

E

Question 34

1) Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system?
A) oropharynx
B) trachea
C) larynx
D) bronchi
E) alveoli

Answer 34

A

Question 35

2) Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the
A) upper respiratory tract.
B) lower respiratory tract.
C) lungs.
D) alveoli.
E) bronchioles.

Answer 35

A

Question 36

3) Large airborne particles are filtered by
A) choanae.
B) the soft palate.
C) hairs in the nasal vestibule.
D) the nasal sinuses.
E) the nasopharynx.

Answer 36

C

Question 37

4) The conchae
A) divide the nasal cavity into a right and a left side.
B) provide an opening into the pharynx.
C) provide a surface for the sense of smell.
D) create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus.
E) provide an opening to paranasal sinuses.

Answer 37

D

Question 38

5) Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following, except
A) filtering the air.
B) warming the air.
C) humidifying the air.
D) acting as a damping chamber when coughing.
E) acting as a resonating chamber in speech.

Answer 38

D

Question 39

6) The openings to the nostrils are the
A) external nares.
B) internal nares.
C) vestibules.
D) conchae.
E) nasal apertures.

Answer 39

A

Question 40

7) The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the external nose is the
A) nasopharynx.
B) vestibule.
C) internal chamber.
D) conchae.
E) nasal septum.

Answer 40

B

Question 41

8) The portion of the pharynx that receives both air and food is the
A) nasopharynx.
B) oropharynx.
C) laryngopharynx.
D) aeropharynx.
E) internal pharynx.

Answer 41

B

Question 42

9) The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the
A) larynx.
B) glottis.
C) vestibule.
D) pharynx.
E) trachea.

Answer 42

D

Question 43

10) The auditory tubes open into the
A) nasopharynx.
B) oropharynx.
C) laryngopharynx.
D) larynx.
E) nasal cavity.

Answer 43

A

Question 44

11) The palatine tonsils lie in the walls of the A) nasopharynx.
B) oropharynx.
C) laryngopharynx.
D) larynx.
E) nasal cavity.

Answer 44

B

Question 45

12) The ________ is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.
A) nasopharynx
B) trachea
C) oropharynx
D) larynx
E) nasal cavity

Answer 45

C

Question 46

13) The larynx contains ________ cartilages.
A) three unpaired
B) six paired
C) a total of nine
D) A, B, and C
E) a variable number of

Answer 46

D

Question 47

14) Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following, except the
A) lips.
B) nose.
C) nasal cavity.
D) pharynx.
E) paranasal sinuses.

Answer 47

A

Question 48

15) The glottis is
A) the soft tissue that hangs off the end of the soft palate.
B) a flap of elastic cartilage.
C) the opening to the larynx.
D) the opening to the pharynx.
E) part of the hard palate.

Answer 48

C

Question 49

16) The vocal folds are located within the
A) nasopharynx.
B) oropharynx.
C) larynx.
D) trachea.
E) bronchi.

Answer 49

C

Question 50

17) The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the
A) thyroid cartilage.
B) cricoid cartilage.
C) corniculate cartilage.
D) cuneiform cartilage.
E) epiglottis.

Answer 50

E

Question 51

18) The largest cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage.
A) thyroid
B) cricoid
C) cuneiform
D) arytenoid
E) epiglottic

Answer 51

A

Question 52

19) The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage.
A) epiglottis
B) cuneiform
C) corniculate
D) cricoid
E) arytenoid

Answer 52

D

Question 53

20) The paired cartilages that articulate with the superior border of the cricoid cartilage are the ________ cartilages.
A) cricothyroid
B) innominate
C) cuneiform
D) corniculate
E) arytenoid

Answer 53

E

Question 54

21) A common site to place a tracheostomy tube is through the ligament that connects the cricoid cartilage to the ________ cartilage.
A) thyroid
B) cuneiform
C) corniculate
D) epiglottic
E) vestibular

Answer 54

A

Question 55

22) The placement of a tube directly into the trachea bypassing the larynx is termed a(n)
A) intubation.
B) tracheostomy.
C) tunnelization.
D) tracheotomy.
E) catheterization.

Answer 55

D

Question 56

23) The thyroid cartilage is attached to the cricoid cartilage by the
A) intrinsic ligaments.
B) extrinsic ligaments.
C) vestibular folds.
D) cricothyroid ligament.
E) intrinsic laryngeal muscles.

Answer 56

D

Question 57

24) The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the
A) hard palate.
B) soft palate.
C) cribriform plate.
D) internal nares.
E) pharyngeal septum.

Answer 57

A

Question 58

25) A pair of ligaments covered by laryngeal epithelium that function in sound production are the
A) intrinsic ligaments.
B) extrinsic ligaments.
C) ventricular folds.
D) vocal folds.
E) intrinsic laryngeal muscles.

Answer 58

D

Question 59

26) Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces
A) speech.
B) articulation.
C) phonation.
D) whistling.
E) ululation.

Answer 59

C

Question 60

27) Tension on the vocal cords is regulated by the
A) movement of the arytenoid cartilages.
B) extrinsic ligaments.
C) contraction of laryngeal muscles.
D) A and C only
E) A, B, and C

Answer 60

D

Question 61

28) Which of the following statements about the trachea is false?
A) is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
B) is reinforced with C-shaped cartilages
C) contains many mucous glands
D) alters its diameter in response to the autonomic nervous system
E) is reinforced with D-shaped cartilages

Answer 61

E

Question 62

29) The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree is the
A) trachea.
B) bronchiole.
C) laryngopharynx.
D) alveolar duct.
E) bronchus.

Answer 62

A

Question 63

30) Secondary bronchi supply air to the
A) lungs.
B) lobes of the lungs.
C) lobules of the lungs.
D) alveoli.
E) alveolar ducts.

Answer 63

B

Question 64

31) They branch from the trachea at the carina.
A) terminal bronchioles
B) secondary bronchi
C) tertiary bronchi
D) primary bronchi
E) alveolar ducts

Answer 64

D

Question 65

32) The following is a list of some airways.
1. secondary bronchus
2. bronchioles
3. alveolar ducts
4. primary bronchus
5. respiratory bronchiole
6. alveoli
7. terminal bronchiole
The order in which air passes through is
A) 4, 1, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6.
B) 4, 1, 2, 5, 7, 3, 6.
C) 1, 4, 2, 5, 7, 3, 6.
D) 1, 4, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6.
E) 2, 4, 1, 7, 5, 3, 6.

Answer 65

A

Question 66

33) The interlobular septa divide the lungs into
A) lobes.
B) pulmonary lobules.
C) alveolar sacs.
D) vital capacity and residual volume.
E) visceral pleura and fibrous trabeculae.

Answer 66

B

Question 67

34) The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consists of
A) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
B) moist cuboidal epithelium.
C) simple squamous epithelium.
D) ciliated squamous epithelium.
E) surfactant cells.

Answer 67

A

Question 68

35) The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are
A) bronchioles.
B) terminal bronchioles.
C) pleural spaces.
D) alveoli.
E) interlobular septa.

Answer 68

D

Question 69

36) The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of
A) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
B) moist cuboidal epithelium.
C) simple squamous epithelium.
D) ciliated squamous epithelium.
E) surfactant cells.

Answer 69

C

Question 70

37) Boyle s law states that gas volume is
A) directly proportional to pressure.
B) directly proportional to temperature.
C) inversely proportional to pressure.
D) inversely proportional to temperature.
E) both A and B

Answer 70

C

Question 71

38) Which of the following muscles might be recruited to increase inspired volume?
A) sternocleidomastoid
B) pectoralis minor
C) scalenes
D) serratus anterior
E) all of the above

Answer 71

E

Question 72

39) Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle(s).
A) scalene
B) diaphragm
C) internal intercostal
D) external intercostal
E) serratus anterior

Answer 72

C

Question 73

40) When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,
A) the volume of the thorax increases.
B) the volume of the thorax decreases.
C) the volume of the lungs decreases.
D) the lungs shrink.
E) expiration occurs.

Answer 73

A

Question 74

41) Which of these descriptions best matches the term external intercostal?
A) accessory muscle of expiration
B) accessory muscle of inspiration
C) primary muscle of inspiration
D) contraction increases airway resistance
E) affects lung compliance

Answer 74

C

Question 75

42) Pulmonary ventilation refers to the
A) movement of air into and out of the lungs.
B) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood.
C) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space.
D) movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells.
E) utilization of oxygen.

Answer 75

A

Question 76

43) Alveolar ventilation refers to the
A) movement of air into and out of the lungs.
B) movement of air into and out of the alveoli.
C) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood.
D) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli.
E) utilization of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism.

Answer 76

B

Question 77

44) The function of pulmonary ventilation is to A) remove carbon dioxide from the blood.
B) supply oxygen to the blood.
C) maintain adequate alveolar ventilation.
D) remove air from dead air space.
E) prevent gas exchange in the bronchioles.

Answer 77

C

Question 78

45) Henry s law states that
A) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional.
B) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional.
C) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.
D) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.
E) gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.

Answer 78

C

Question 79

46) Dalton s law states that
A) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional.
B) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional.
C) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.
D) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.
E) gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.

Answer 79

D

Question 80

47) The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately
A) 40 mm Hg.
B) 45 mm Hg.
C) 50 mm Hg.
D) 70 mm Hg.
E) 100 mm Hg.

Answer 80

E

Question 81

48) The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood is approximately
A) 40 mm Hg.
B) 45 mm Hg.
C) 50 mm Hg.
D) 70 mm Hg.
E) 100 mm Hg.

Answer 81

B

Question 82

49) The partial pressure of oxygen in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately
A) 40 mm Hg.
B) 45 mm Hg.
C) 50 mm Hg.
D) 70 mm Hg.
E) 100 mm Hg.

Answer 82

A

Question 83

50) The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately
A) 35 mm Hg.
B) 45 mm Hg.
C) 55 mm Hg.
D) 70 mm Hg.
E) 100 mm Hg.

Answer 83

B

Question 84

51) The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is
A) pulmonary ventilation.
B) external respiration.
C) internal respiration.
D) cellular respiration.
E) breathing.

Answer 84

C

Question 85

52) At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________ percent saturated with oxygen.
A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 75
E) more than 90

Answer 85

E

Question 86

53) Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is
A) dissolved in plasma.
B) bound to hemoglobin.
C) in ionic form as solute in the plasma.
D) bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide.
E) carried by white blood cells.

Answer 86

B

Question 87

54) Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as
A) solute dissolved in the plasma.
B) carbaminohemoglobin.
C) bicarbonate ions.
D) solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells.
E) carbonic acid.

Answer 87

C

Question 88

55) The most important chemical regulator of respiration is
A) oxygen.
B) carbon dioxide.
C) bicarbonate ion.
D) sodium ion.
E) hemoglobin.

Answer 88

B

Question 89

56) A 10 percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will
A) decrease the rate of breathing.
B) increase the rate of breathing.
C) decrease pulmonary ventilation.
D) decrease the alveolar ventilation rate.
E) decrease the vital capacity.

Answer 89

B

Question 90

57) The term hypercapnia refers to
A) the cessation of breathing.
B) elevated PCO2.
C) elevated PO2.
D) an increase in pH.
E) labored breathing.

Answer 90

B

Question 91

58) The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the ________ center.
A) apneustic
B) pneumotaxic
C) inspiratory
D) expiratory
E) both A and C

Answer 91

C

Question 92

59) Prolonged inspirations can result from stimulating the ________ center.
A) apneustic
B) pneumotaxic
C) expiratory
D) baroreceptor
E) chemoreceptor

Answer 92

A

Question 93

60) The pneumotaxic center of the pons
A) sets the at-rest respiratory pattern.
B) prolongs inspiration.
C) modifies the rate and depth of breathing.
D) suppresses the expiratory center in the medulla.
E) both B and C

Answer 93

C

Question 94

61) Higher brain centers that alter the activity of the respiratory centers include all of the following, except
A) cortical association areas.
B) the precentral motor gyrus.
C) the limbic system.
D) the hypothalamus.
E) Broca s center.

Answer 94

B

Question 95

62) The Hering-Breuer reflex
A) functions to increase ventilation with changes in blood pressure.
B) alters pulmonary ventilation when the 11PO2 changes.
C) alters pulmonary ventilation when the PCO2 changes.
D) protects the lungs from damage due to overinflation.
E) is an important aspect of normal, quiet breathing.

Answer 95

D

Question 96

63) Which of the following systems is (are) responsible for elimination of CO2 as waste?
A) urinary
B) respiratory
C) digestive
D) all of the above
E) A and B only

Answer 96

E

Question 97

64) The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles all make up the
A) upper respiratory tract.
B) lower respiratory tract.
C) internal respiratory tract.
D) alveoli of the respiratory tract.
E) respiratory mucosa.

Answer 97

B

Question 98

65) A mucosa consists of
A) an epithelium.
B) an underlying layer of areolar tissue.
C) stratified squamous cells.
D) both A and B
E) both B and C

Answer 98

D

Question 99

66) Tuberculosis results from an infection by the bacterium
A) Clostridium difficile.
B) Staphylococcus aureus.
C) Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
D) Vancomycin-resistant streptococcus.
E) both A and C

Answer 99

C

Question 100

67) ________ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting individuals of Northern European descent.
A) MRSA
B) Congestive heart failure
C) Cystic fibrosis
D) Myasthenia gravis
E) Parkinson s disease

Answer 100

C

Question 101

68) The respiratory defence system is important because it
A) helps filter the air.
B) helps warm the air.
C) keeps out debris.
D) keeps out pathogens.
E) all of the above

Answer 101

E

Question 102

69) ________ generally causes a rapid increase in the rate of mucus production in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
A) Exposure to noxious stimuli
B) Exposure to unpleasant stimuli
C) Exposure to allergens
D) Exposure to debris or pathogens
E) all of the above

Answer 102

E

Question 103

70) The ________ is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems.
A) pharynx
B) esophagus
C) trachea
D) windpipe
E) right mainstem bronchus

Answer 103

A

Question 104

71) The laryngeal cartilage not composed of hyaline cartilage is the
A) arytenoid.
B) corniculate.
C) cricoid.
D) epiglottis.
E) thyroid.

Answer 104

D

Question 105

72) The nasopharynx is divided from the rest of the pharynx by the
A) hard palate.
B) soft palate.
C) cribriform plate.
D) internal nares.
E) pharyngeal septum.

Answer 105

B

Question 106

73) The adult human trachea is about ________ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal cartilages.
A) 1.0 cm; 15-20
B) 1.0 cm; 10-15
C) 2.5 cm; 15-20
D) 2.5 cm; 40-50
E) none of the above

Answer 106

C

Question 107

74) An acute infection of the throat that can lead to
swelling and closure of the glottis and cause suffocation is
known as
A) laryngitis.
B) laryngospasm.
C) acute epiglottitis.
D) strep throat.
E) acute pharyngitis.

Answer 107

C

Question 108

75) During a choking episode, most foreign objects are lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger
diameter and steeper angle.
A) right primary
B) left primary
C) right secondary
D) left secondary
E) A and B are equal

Answer 108

A

Question 109

76) The right lung is to ________ as the left lung is to ________.
A) three lobes; two lobes
B) two lobes; two lobes
C) two lobes; three lobes
D) three lobes; three lobes
E) none of the above

Answer 109

A

Question 110

77) The most superior portion of the lung is termed the
A) base.
B) apex.
C) cardiac notch.
D) hilus.
E) epineurium.

Answer 110

B

Question 111

78) Primary bronchi are to ________ as secondary bronchi are to ________.
A) extrapulmonary bronchi; intrapulmonary bronchi
B) lobar bronchi; intrapulmonary bronchi
C) intrapulmonary bronchi; lobar bronchi
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Answer 111

A

Question 112

79) Roughly ________ terminal bronchioles arise from each tertiary bronchus.
A) 1500
B) 3000
C) 6500
D) 10,000
E) 100,000

Answer 112

C

Question 113

80) Collectively, the layers through which the respiratory gases diffuse are known as the
A) pulmonary-basement membrane.
B) alveolar-capillary membrane.
C) pleural-basement membrane.
D) macrophages-basement membrane.
E) Type I epithelium.

Answer 113

B

Question 114

81) Respiratory function deteriorates as a result of pneumonia because of inflammation
A) causes fluids to leak into the alveoli.
B) causes respiratory bronchioles to swell and constrict.
C) increases minute volume.
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C

Answer 114

D

Question 115

82) Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the
mouth because
A) less resistance to flow.
B) it combines olfaction with respiration.
C) it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.
D) bacteria wont be inhaled from the oral cavity.
E) it dries out the mouth.

Answer 115

C

Question 116

opposing pleural surfaces is known as
A) pleurisy.
B) pulmonary hypertension.
C) asthma.
D) emphysema.
E) COPD.

Answer 116

A

Question 117

84) A pulmonary embolism can be caused by
________ becoming trapped in a pulmonary artery.
A) blood clots
B) masses of fat
C) air bubbles
D) A or C only
E) A, B, and C

Answer 117

E

Question 118

85) Determination of blood gases includes testing an arterial sample for
A) pH.
B) PO2.
C) PCO2.
D) all of the above
E) both A and C

Answer 118

D

Question 119

86) The unit of measurement for pressure preferred by many respiratory therapists is
A) mm Hg.
B) torr.
C) cm H2O.
D) psi.
E) A, B, or C are equally favoured

Answer 119

B

Question 120

87) When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that
A) they are equal.
B) intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric.
C) atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary.
D) atmospheric pressure is more than intrapulmonary.
E) intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric.

Answer 120

A

Question 121

88) The term ________ describes the result from an injury that permits air to leak into the intrapleural space.
A) pleurisy
B) pneumonia
C) pneumothorax
D) pulmonary edema
E) emphysema

Answer 121

C

Question 122

89) Quiet breathing is to ________ as shallow breathing is to ________.
A) eupnea; diaphragmatic breathing
B) eupnea; costal breathing
C) costal breathing; eupnea
D) costal breathing; diaphragmatic
E) diaphragmatic breathing; eupnea

Answer 122

B

Question 123

90) ________ involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements and calls on accessory muscles to assist with inhalation, while exhalation involves contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and sometimes abdominal muscles too.
A) Eupnea
B) Forced breathing
C) Costal breathing
D) Vital breathing
E) both A and B

Answer 123

B

Question 124

91) ________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle.
A) Residual volume
B) Expiratory reserve volume
C) Inspiratory reserve volume
D) Tidal volume
E) Inspiratory capacity

Answer 124

D

Question 125

92) ________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.
A) Residual inhaled volume
B) Expiratory reserve volume
C) Inspiratory reserve volume
D) Enhanced tidal volume
E) Inspiratory capacity

Answer 125

C

Question 126

93) Decompression sickness is a painful conditioN that develops when a person is exposed to a sudden drop in atmospheric pressure. Bubbles of ________ gas are responsible for the problem.
A) nitrogen
B) oxygen
C) carbon dioxide
D) helium
E) an unknown

Answer 126

A

Question 127

94) Each 100 ml of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries carries away roughly ________ ml of oxygen.
A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 50
E) 75

Answer 127

B

Question 128

95) Blockage of pulmonary blood flow by a clot or similar obstruction is
A) emphysema.
B) COPD.
C) anoxia.
D) pulmonary embolism.
E) pneumothorax.

Answer 128

D

Question 129

96) The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli Is
A) respiratory distress syndrome.
B) COPD.
C) anoxia.
D) pulmonary embolism.
E) pneumothorax

Answer 129

A

Question 130

97) Asthma is
A) a collapsed lung.
B) an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways.
C) an obstructive tumor.
D) characterized by fluid buildup in the alveoli.
E) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Answer 130

B

Question 131

98) Which of these descriptions best matches the term bronchiolar smooth muscle?
A) accessory muscle of expiration
B) accessory muscle of inspiration
C) primary muscle of inspiration
D) contraction increases airway resistance
E) affects lung compliance

Answer 131

D

Question 132

99) The C shape of the tracheal cartilage is important because
A) large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing.
B) large masses of air can pass through the trachea.
C) it facilitates the turning of the head.
D) A, B, and C
E) A and B only

Answer 132

A

Question 133

100) Boyles Law of Gases states that
A) the pressure and volume of a gas are equal.
B) as the temperature goes up, the pressure goes up.
C) the total gas pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures.
D) the concentration of dissolved gas is proportional to its partial pressure.
E) if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down.

Answer 133

E

Question 134

101) Under quiet conditions, blood returning to the heart retains about ________ of its oxygen content when it leaves the lungs..
A) 25 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 75 percent
D) 90 percent
E) 100 percent

Answer 134

C

Question 135

102) The apneustic centers of the pons
A) inhibit the pneumotaxic and inspiratory centers.
B) provide continuous stimulation to the inspiratory center.
C) monitor blood gas levels.
D) alter chemoreceptor sensitivity.
E) generate the gasp reflex.

Answer 135

A

Question 136

103) All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata, except the
A) olfactory epithelium.
B) medullary chemoreceptors.
C) aortic body.
D) carotid body.
E) all of the above

Answer 136

A

Question 137

104) Sympathetic input to the smooth muscle tissue in bronchioles causes all of these except
A) bronchoconstriction.
B) a bigger lumen.
C) less airway resistance.
D) activation of beta-two receptors.
E) relaxation.

Answer 137

A

Question 138

105) In quiet breathing,
A) inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions.
B) inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions.
C) inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.
D) inspiration and expiration are both passive.
E) both C and D

Answer 138

C

Question 139

106) Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration, except the
A) PO2 of the alveoli.
B) PCO2 of the blood.
C) thickness of the respiratory membrane.
D) diameter of an alveolus.
E) solubility of oxygen in plasma.

Answer 139

D

Question 140

107) External respiration involves the
A) movement of air into and out of the lungs.
B) diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood.
C) exchange of dissolved gases between the blood and the interstitial fluid.
D) binding of oxygen by hemoglobin.
E) utilization of oxygen by tissues to support metabolism.

Answer 140

B

Question 141

108) Breathing that involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements is called
A) eupnea.
B) hyperpnea.
C) diaphragmatic breathing.
D) costal breathing.
E) shallow breathing.

Answer 141

B

Question 142

109) If a patient being tested inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patients
A) tidal volume.
B) inspiratory reserve volume.
C) expiratory reserve volume.
D) reserve volume.
E) vital capacity.

Answer 142

E

Question 143

110) ________ equals the respiratory rate × (tidal volume N anatomic dead space).
A) Vital capacity
B) Respiratory minute volume
C) Pulmonary ventilation rate
D) Alveolar ventilation rate
E) External respiration rate

Answer 143

D

Question 144

111) Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues?
A) decreased temperature
B) decreased pH
C) increased tissue PO2
D) decreased amounts of DPG
E) none of the above

Answer 144

B

Question 145

112) Physical damage to the lamina propria of the nasal mucosa is likely to result in
A) epistaxis.
B) nasal congestion.
C) nosebleeds.
D) a deviated septum.
E) A or C

Answer 145

E

Question 146

113) Which of the following is not true about the pharynx?
A) shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems
B) nasopharynx is superior
C) oropharynx connects to the oral cavity
D) laryngopharynx ends at the esophagus opening
E) solids, liquids, and gases pass through

Answer 146

A

Question 147

114) Which of the following is not a function of the nasal mucosa?
A) humidify the incoming air
B) dehumidify the outgoing air
C) dehumidify the incoming air
D) trap particulate matter
E) cool outgoing air

Answer 147

C

Question 148

115) Contraction of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles can
A) move the arytenoid cartilages.
B) close the glottis.
C) stretch the vocal folds.
D) A, B, and C
E) A and B only

Answer 148

D

Question 149

116) During swallowing, the
A) intrinsic laryngeal muscles contract.
B) extrinsic laryngeal muscles contract.
C) glottis closes and the epiglottis is depressed.
D) all of the above
E) both B and C

Answer 149

D

Question 150

117) Which is greater?
A) the number of lobes in the right lung
B) the number of lobes in the left lung
C) NeitherNthe number of lobes is usually equal.

Answer 150

A

Question 151

118) Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
A) less than the pressure in the atmosphere.
B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
C) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere.
D) greater than intraalveolar pressure.
E) less than intrapulmonary pressure.

Answer 151

B

Question 152

119) Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in
A) a loss of surfactant.
B) an increased rate of gas exchange.
C) increased surface tension in the alveoli
D) increased tendency to alveolar collapse.
E) A, C, and D

Answer 152

E

Question 153

120) Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from
A) genetic mutation in a membrane channel.
B) laryngospasm.
C) thick secretions that are difficult to transport.
D) A, B, and C
E) A and C only

Answer 153

E

Question 154

121) Which statement about the chloride shift is false?
A) involves a movement of chloride ion into RBCs
B) depends on the chloride-bicarbonate counter transporter
C) involves a movement of bicarbonate ions into the plasma
D) is driven by a rise in PCO2
E) causes RBCs to swell

Answer 154

E

Question 155

122) Which respiratory organ has a cardiac notch?
A) right lung
B) left lung
C) right primary bronchus
D) left primary bronchus
E) both B and D

Answer 155

B

Question 156

123) Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen. To get the same amount of oxygen to dissolve in plasma as carbon dioxide, you would have to
A) increase the temperature of the plasma.
B) increase the partial pressure of oxygen.
C) decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide.
D) increase the rate of plasma flow through the lungs.
E) either B or C

Answer 156

E

Question 157

124) Which of the following is greater?
A) the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at sea level
B) the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at the top of Mt. Everest
C) the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air is constant

Answer 157

A

Question 158

125) Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will
A) decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.
B) decrease the rate of oxygen diffusion from the alveoli to the blood.
C) increase the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.
D) decrease the rate of carbon dioxide diffusion from the blood to the alveoli.
E) hardly affect either the partial pressure or diffusion of gases.

Answer 158

A

Question 159

126) For maximum loading of hemoglobin with oxygen at the lungs, the
A) PCO2 should be high
B) pH should be slightly acidic.
C) PO2 should be about 70 mm Hg.
D) DPG levels in the red blood cells should be high.
E) PCO2 should be low

Answer 159

E

Question 160

127) Carbonic anhydrase
A) is in RBCs.
B) is an enzyme.
C) can increase the number of bicarbonate ions in the plasma.
D) can decrease the number of bicarbonate ions in the plasma.
E) all of the above

Answer 160

E

Question 161

128) Which of the following would be greater?
A) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6
B) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.2
C) Neither is greater.

Answer 161

A

Question 162

129) Which of the following would be greater?
A) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 38 degrees centigrade
B) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 43 degrees centigrade
C) Neither is greater

Answer 162

A

Question 163

130) Which of the following would be greater?
A) hemoglobins affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high
B) hemoglobins affinity for oxygen when the BPG Level is low
C) Neither is greater.

Answer 163

B

Question 164

131) Stimulation of the apneustic center would result in
A) increased respiratory rate.
B) more intense inhalation.
C) a shorter respiratory cycle.
D) less activity in the DRG center.
E) decreased vital capacity.

Answer 164

B

Question 165

132) If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally,
A) a person would stop breathing.
B) pulmonary ventilation would increase markedly.
C) the respiratory minute volume would increase.
D) tidal volumes would decrease.
E) alveolar ventilation would increase.

Answer 165

A

Question 166

133) The pneumotaxic center
A) is in the pons.
B) excites the apneustic center.
C) inhibits the apneustic center.
D) both A and B
E) both A and C

Answer 166

E

Question 167

134) Which of the following is greatest?
A) the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood
B) the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in alveolar air
C) the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in expired air
D) the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in inspired air
E) the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood

Answer 167

A

Question 168

135) Pneumotaxic centers in the pons
A) inhibit the apneustic centers.
B) promote passive or active exhalation.
C) receive input from the hypothalamus and cerebrum.
D) modify respiratory rate and depth.
E) all of the above

Answer 168

E

Question 169

136) Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies would interfere with the brains ability to regulate breathing in response to
A) changes in PCO2.
B) changes in 11PO2.
C) changes in pH.
D) changes in blood pressure.
E) A, B, and C

Answer 169

E

Question 170

137) All of the following are present prior to birth, except that the
A) pulmonary arterial resistance is high.
B) pulmonary vessels are collapsed.
C) rib cage is compressed.
D) alveoli are expanded.
E) lungs and airways contain only a small amount of fluid.

Answer 170

D

Question 171

138) Which of these changes does not occur at birth when an infant takes its first breaths?
A) Blood flow to the lungs decreases.
B) The resistance in the pulmonary arteries decreases.
C) Changes in blood flow cause the foramen ovale to close.
D) Air enters the alveoli.
E) Gas diffuses across the alveolar-capillary membrane.

Answer 171

A

Question 172

139) Which of these age-based changes is false?
A) The lungs lose elastic tissue.
B) The lungs compliance changes.
C) Vital capacity increases.
D) Respiratory muscles weaken.
E) Costal cartilages become more flexible

Answer 172

C

Question 173

140) As an astronaut is lifted into Earths orbit, what is the first change to take place in response to the drop in cabin pressure?
A) increased hematocrit
B) renal hypoxia
C) increased alveolar ventilation rate
D) decreased alveolar PO2
E) decreased hemoglobin saturation

Answer 173

D

Question 174

141) Severing the sensory fibers from the lungs would result in all of the following, except
A) less inhibition of the inspiratory center during forced breathing.
B) a drop in tidal volume.
C) potential damage to the lungs due to overinflation.
D) disappearance of the Hering-Breuer reflexes.
E) less stimulation of the expiratory center during forced breathing.

Answer 174

B

Question 175

142) Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of
A) external respiration.
B) internal respiration.
C) carbon dioxide transport.
D) hemoglobin synthesis.
E) acid-base balance.

Answer 175

B

Question 176

143) Tina is singing a song. At a certain point in the song she forces a large volume of air out of the glottis and at the same time increases the tension on her vocal cords. The sound that she produces is
A) low pitched and loud.
B) high pitched and loud.
C) low pitched and soft.
D) high pitched and soft.
E) medium pitched and soft.

Answer 176

B

Question 177

144) A patient with a connective tissue disease experiences increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Over a period of time you would expect to observe
A) increased cardiac output from the right ventricle.
B) increased cardiac output from the left ventricle.
C) increased thickness of the right ventricular wall.
D) distension of the pulmonary veins from the right lung.
E) no appreciable changes in heart structure or function.

Answer 177

C

Question 178

145) While playing in an intramural football game, Joe is tackled so hard that he breaks a rib. He can actually feel a piece of the rib-sticking through the skin, and he is having a difficult time breathing. Joe probably is suffering from
A) a collapsed trachea.
B) obstruction in the bronchi.
C) a pneumothorax.
D) decreased surfactant production.
E) a bruised diaphragm.

Answer 178

C

Question 179

146) Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known?
A) minute volume
B) inspiratory reserve volume
C) expiratory reserve volume
D) anatomical dead space
E) forced vital capacity

Answer 179

A

Question 180

148) In emphysema, which of these occur?
A) alveoli collapse
B) compliance increases
C) elevated PCO2 in the blood
D) all of the above
E) A and C only

Answer 180

D

Question 181

149) The obstructive lung disease in which elastic fibers are lost, leading to the collapse of alveoli and bronchioles, is called
A) asthma.
B) bronchitis.
C) emphysema.
D) tuberculosis.
E) pneumonia.

Answer 181

C