Chapter 24: The West and the World

Question 1

Industrialization and the World Economy

What were some of the global consequences of European industrialization between 1815-1914?

Answer 1

Regions that industrialized (Europe + NA) usually used their superior military power to open non-industrialized parts to gain economic advantage.

Question 2

Two Schools of Thought Regarding Industrialization

Answer 2

• The West used science, technology, capitalist organization, and its rational worldview to create massive wealth, and then used that wealth and power to its advantage.
• The West used its political and economic power to steal much of the world’s riches.

Question 3

How did Britain show its economic prowess?

Answer 3

Cotton textiles (export):
By 1820 Britain was exporting 50% of its production. Europe bought 50%of these cotton textile exports, while India bought only 6%.
By 1850 India bought 25% and Europe 16% of a much larger volume of production.
India could not raise tariffs to protect its ancient textile industry, which collapsed, leaving thousands of Indian weavers unemployed.
???(import):
Repeal of Corn Laws in 1846 to WWI in 1914, Britain remained the world’s largest trader of agricultural prodcts, raw materials, and manufactured goods. Britain’s market stimulated the development of mines + plantations.

Question 4

What technological advantages facilitated international trade?

Answer 4

Communications: transoceanic telegraph cables 1880s
Travel: Steam power, sails, railroads, Suez (1869) and Panama Canals (1914). Time needed to cross the Atlantic dropped from 3 weeks (1870) to 10 days (1900)
Reduced transport costs,

Question 5

Neo-Europes

Answer 5

Settler colonies with established populations of Europeans (NA, Australia, New Zealand, Latin America) where Europe found outlets for population growth.
Investment resulted in the construction of railroads thus developing sources of cheap food and raw materials.

Coined by historian Alfred Crosby (contemporary/secondary souce)

Question 6

Opium War 1

Answer 6

For years China had exported more to Europe more than it had received. Trade was regulated by the Qing or Manchu dynasty who required all foreign merchants to live in the southern port of Guangzhou and to buy + sell only to licensed Chinese merchants. In an attempt to break into the Chinese trade, Britain started exorting Opium from India. By 1836, British merchants in Canton demanded the creation of an independent British colony in in CHina where they had “safe and unrestricted” trade Lin Zexu, imperial comissioner, went t Guagzhou to halt illegal importation of Opium. In just months he made a big dent, but Britain invaded China forcing them to make one-sided trade agreements.

Guangzhou=Canton

Question 7

Treaty of Nanking 1842

Answer 7

1. Cede island of Hong Kon to Britain forever
2. Pay $100 million indemnity
3. Open 4 large cities to unlimited foreign trade w/ low tariffs

Question 8

Opium War 2

Question 9

General Napoleon Bonaparte

Question 10

gunboat diplomacy

Answer 10

The use or threat of military force to coerce a government into economic or political agreements.

Question 11

Muhammad Ali

Question 12

Napoleon

Answer 12

General Napoleon Bonaparte occupied Egypt for 3 yrs.

Question 13

Muhammad Ali (1805)

Answer 13

Cause: An albanian-born, turkish-speaking general that built a large army, reformed bureocracy, cultivated new lands, and improved communication methods.
Effect: attracted Europeans (port of Alexandria: 50 thousand Europeans 1864)

Question 14

Ali’s Army

Answer 14

Drafted the illiterate peasants
Hired French + Italian army officers to train both raw recruits and Turkish officers in modern military methods.

Question 15

How did Ali pay for his projects?
Commercial vs export agriculture

Answer 15

Cause: To pay for this, he encouraged the development of commercial agriculture.
Effect: peasants were poor but self sufficient since they could grow their own food.
Then, faced with the opportunity of export agriculture, high ranking officials and Ali’s family (new landlords) began carving up private landholdings and forcing the peasants to farm cash crops (cotton + rice).

Question 16

Ismail

Answer 16

Ali’s grandson / westernizing autocrat
1863 began 16 yr reign as khedive/prince
Large irrigation networks boosted cotton production and exports to Europe.
With his support, a French company finished the Suez Canal in 1869.
“My country is no longer in Africa, we are now in Europe”
Official language now arabic instead of Ottoman turkish
Modern blv and western hotels

Question 17

Ismail’s downfall

Answer 17

impatient and reckless, endebted to foreign bondholders.

France + Gr8 Britain forced him to appoint French and British commissioners to oversee Egyptian finances and ensure payment in full.

Question 18

Colonel Ahmed Arabi

Answer 18

Foreign financial control evoked a violent nationalistic reaction among Egyptian religious leaders, young intellectuals, and army officers. In 1879, under the cadership of Colonel Ahmed Arabi, they formed the Egyptian Nationalist Party.

Question 19

Tewfiq (r. 1879-1892)

Answer 19

Continuing diplomatic pressure on the government forced Ismail to abdicate in favor of his ineffectual son. It resulted in bloody anti-European riots in Alexandria in 1882. A number of Europeans were killed, and Tewfiq and his court had to flee to British ships for safety. British occupation was supposedly temporary, but armies stayed until 1956. Before WWI they maintained the facade of an autonomous province if Ottoman empire, but British rule resulted in tax reforms. While foreign bondholders received their interest and Egyptian nationalists nursed their injured pride.

Question 20

Global mass migration

Answer 20

The mass movement of people from Europe in the nineteenth century; one reason that the Wests impact on the world was so powerful and many-sided.

Question 21

Russia Migration stat 1900

Answer 21

During the hundred years before 1900 the population of Europe including Asiatic Russia) more than doubled, from approximately 188 million to roughly 432 million.

Question 22

Europe popularion stat

Answer 22

Since the population of native Africans, Asians, and Americans grew more slowly than that of Europeans, the number of Europeans and people of predominantly European origin jumped from about 24 percent of the world’s total in 1800 to about 38 percent on the eve of World War I.

Question 23

Immigrant experience

Answer 23

Cunard, White Star, Hamburg-America

majority could afford only third class passage in the steerage compartment (close to rudder)
arrived at Ellis Island, steerage passengers were subjected to a four- to five-hour examination in the Great Hall. Physicians checked their health. Customs officers inspected legal documents. Bureaucrats administered intelligence tests and evaluated the migrants’ financial and moral status.
Only 2% denied entrance

Question 24

nativism

Answer 24

Policies and beliefs, often influenced by nationalism, scientific racism, and mass migration, that give preferential treatment to established inhabitants over immigrants.

Question 25

New Imperialism

Answer 25

The late-nineteenth-century drive by European countries to create vast political empires abroad.

Question 26

Afrikaners

Answer 26

Descendants of the Dutch settlers in the Cape Colony in southern Africa.

Question 27

Berlin Conference

Answer 27

A meeting of European leaders held in 1884 and 1885 in order to lay down some basic rules for imperialist competition in sub-Saharan Africa.

Question 28

white man’s burden

Answer 28

The idea that Europeans could and should civilize more primitive nonwhite peoples and that imperialism would eventually provide nonwhites with modern achievements and higher standards of living.

Question 29

Orientalism

Answer 29

A term coined by literary scholar Edward Said to describe the way Westerners misunderstood and described colonial subjects and cultures.

Question 30

Great Rebellion

Answer 30

The 1857 and 1858 insurrection by Muslim and Hindu mercenaries in the British army that spread throughout northern and central india before being crushed.

Question 31

Meiji Restoration

Answer 31

The restoration of the Japanese emperor to power in 1867 leading to the subsequent modernization of Japan.

Question 32

100 days of reform

Answer 32

A series of western-style reforms launched in 1898 by the Chinese government in an attempt to meet the foreign challenge.