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anatomy > chapter 25 > Flashcards

chapter 25 Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system

A

System that coordinates and acts with the nervous system to carry out activity of body cells

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2
Q

what system influences activities via hormones

A

endocrine system

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3
Q

What is endocrinology

A

the study of the hormones and endocrine glands

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4
Q

what does the endocrine system control?

A

regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance

Mobilization of body defenses

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5
Q

what glands produce nonhormonal substances

A

exocrine

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6
Q

what glands have ducts and why?

A

Exocrine to carry secretion to membrane surface

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7
Q

`what glands produce hormones but lack ducts

A

endocrine

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8
Q

What organ is a neuroendocrine organ

A

hypothalamus

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9
Q

What are some other tissues and organs that produce hormones

A

the thymus, adipose cells, and cells in wall of small intestine, stomach, and kidneys, and the heart

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10
Q

what are the three chemical messengers of endocrine system

A

Hormones
Auto crines
paracrines

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11
Q

The long distance chemical signals that travel in blood or lymph

A

Hormones

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12
Q

chemicals that exert effects on samecells that secrete them?

A

Autocrines

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13
Q

locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them

A

Paracrines

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14
Q

There are 2 main classes of hormones, what are they

A

amino acid and steroid

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15
Q

what are some examples of amino based hormones

A

derivatives, peptides and proteins

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16
Q

which class of hormone is synthesized from cholesterol

A

Steroids

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17
Q

what are target cells

A

cells that have receptors for a specific hormone

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18
Q

Hormone action on target cells may be to

A

Alter plasma membrane permeability and/or stimulate synthesis of enzymes
activate enzymes
induce secretory activity
stimulate mitosis

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19
Q

Hormones act in 2 ways, what are they

A

water soluble hormones

Lipid soluble hormones

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20
Q

Water soluble hormones include?

A

all amino acid except the thyroid

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21
Q

what are the functions of the water-soluble hormones

A

act on plasma membrane receptors
act via G protein second messengers
cannot enter cell

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22
Q

what is the main second messenger systems

A

Cyclic AMP

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23
Q

what are the functions of the lipid soluble hormones

A

act on intracellular receptors that directly acitvate genes

Can enter cell

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24
Q

What system controls the blood levels of the hormones

A

the negative feedback system

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25
Q

What is the negative feedback system

A

increased hormone effects on target orans can inhibit further hormone release.

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26
Q

Hormone Release for blood levels is triggered by two things, what are they?

A

endocrine gland stimuli

nervous system modulation

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27
Q

What are the three stimuli that release hormone responses

A

humoral stimuli
neural stimuli
hormonal stimuli

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28
Q

Changing blood levels of ion and nutrients? (stimuli)

A

humoral stimuli

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29
Q

Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release? (stimuli)

A

neural stimuli

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30
Q

Hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones, this is called? (stimuli)

A

hormonal stimuli

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31
Q

The nervous system can make adjustments to hormone levels when needed, give an example.

A

Under sever stress, hypothalamus and sympathetic nervous system overide insulin to allow blood glucose levels to increase.

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32
Q

Target cell activation depends on three factors, what are they>

A

blood levels of hormone
Relative number of receptors on/in target cell
Affinity of binding between receptor and hormone

33
Q

what is up-regulation

A

target cells form more receptors in response to low hormone levels

34
Q

When target cells lose receptors in response to high hormone levels, this is caused by?

A

Down-regulation

35
Q

What two types of hormones need carriers in order to circulate in the blood

A

steroid and thyroid

36
Q

The concentration of circulating hormone reflects:

A

the rate of release

speed at which it is inactivated

37
Q

How are hormones removed from the body

A

Degrading enzyme
Kidneys or
Liver

38
Q

What does it mean when hormones have a half life

A

time required for level of hormone in blood level to decrease by half.

39
Q

one or more hormones cannot exert the effects without another hormone present is called?

A

permissiveness

40
Q

Multiple hormones may act on same target at same time

A

synergism

41
Q

one or more hormones oppose action of another hormone

A

antagonism

42
Q

Thy hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland by?

A

the infundibulum

43
Q

how many hormones does the pituitary secrete

A

eight

44
Q

what are they two major lobes of the pituitary

A

posterior and anterior

45
Q

Which lobe is composed of the neural tissue that secretes neurohormones?

A

Posterior lobe

46
Q

What lobe consists of glandular tissue

A

Anterior Pituitary

47
Q

How does the posterior lobe maintain neural connection to hypothalamus

A

via hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract.

48
Q

The anterior lobe is glandular tissue derived from the ___ _____

A

Oral mucosa

49
Q

The anterior lob is vascularly connected to the hypothalamus via

A

primary capillary plexus
hypophyseal portal veins
secondary capillary plexus

50
Q

The hypothalamus secretes what in order regulate the anterior hormone secretion?

A

releasing and inhibiting hormones

51
Q

Posterior petuitary consists of axon terminals of neurons from hypothalamic neurons:

A

Paraventricular

supraoptic

52
Q

the supraoptic neurons produce

A

ADH

53
Q

The paraventricular neurons produce

A

Oxytocin

54
Q

Oxytocin and ADH are each composed of _ Amino acids

A

9

55
Q

Oxytocin and ADH are almost identical but differ in two amino acids?

A

ILE is PHE

LEN is ARG

56
Q

what is the strong stimulant of uterine contractions released during childbirth

A

Oxytocin

57
Q

Is Oxcytocin a positive or neg feedback

A

positvie

58
Q

How is the posterior pituitary triggered to secrete ADH?

A

Hypothalamus contains osmoreceptors that monitor solute concentrations and if concentration is too high, ADH is secreted

59
Q

what are the functions of ADH?

A

targets kidney tubules to reabsorb more water to inhibit or prevent urine formation.
Release also triggered by low blood pressure

60
Q

High concentrations of ADH cause what?

A

vasoconstriction also called vasopressin

61
Q

ADH deficiency due to damage of the hypothalamus or posterior pituitary is called

A

Diabetes insipidus

62
Q

How many of the hormones of the anterior pituitary are peptide hormones

A

6

63
Q

All hormones of the anterior pituitary activate cells via cAMP except for?

A

Growth hormone

64
Q

What are the direct effects of the Growth hormone

A

triggers liver to break down glycogen into glucose and increases blood levels of fatty acids for use as fuel.

65
Q

what are the indirect effects of the Growth Hormone

A

Triggers liver, skeletal muscle and bone to produce IGF

66
Q

Whats IGF

A

Insulin like Growth Factor- Cellular uptake of nutrients used to synthesize DNA and proteins needed for cell division

67
Q

what hormone stimulate the release of the GH

A

Growth Hormone-releasing hormone

68
Q

What triggers the release of the GHRH

A

low blood sugar or GH

69
Q

what hormones inhibits the release of the GH

A

GHIH

70
Q

Hypersecretion Can cause what in children

A

Gigantism

71
Q

What does hypersecretion cause in adutls

A

Acrmegaly

72
Q

Hyposecretion of TH in adults can lead to?

A

Myxedema

73
Q

symptoms of myxedema

A

low metabolic rate, thick and dry skin, puffy eyes, feeling chilled, edema, mental sluggishness, lethargy

74
Q

What develops of myxedema is due to lack of iodine

A

a goiter

75
Q

Lack of iodine decreases ________

A

TH Levels, which triggers increased TSH secretion.

76
Q

Hyposecretion in infants of TH leads to what?

A

Cretinism

77
Q

what is cretinism

A

Symptoms include intellectual disabilities, short and disproportionately sized body, thick tongue and neck

78
Q

What is the most common type of Hypersecretion of TH

A

Autoimmune disease: body makes abnormal antibodies directed against thyroid follicular cells

79
Q

what are the symptoms of Graves disease

A

include elevated metabolic rate, sweating, rapid and irregular heartbeats

anatomy (5 decks)

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