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Physiology II > Chapter 25 - Acid/Base Balance Part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 25 - Acid/Base Balance Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Increase of ECF osmolarity

A

Inc of vasopressin
Inc thirst

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2
Q

Dec ECF volume

A

Inc vasopressin
In thirst

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3
Q

Volume related to

A

Bp control

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4
Q

Osmolarity related to

A

Cell volume
-shape

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5
Q

ECF osmolarity Dec

A

Hypotonicity

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6
Q

Inc ECF osmolarity

A

Hypertonicity

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7
Q

Acids

A

Group of H+ containing substances that dissociate in solution to release free H+ and anions

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8
Q

Bases

A

Accept hydrogen ions
-substances that can combine with free H+ and remove it from solution

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9
Q

Strong acid

A

Every molecule dissociates
-more free proteins

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10
Q

Weak acid

A

Some free, some together

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11
Q

Neutral, acidic and basic pH levels

A

Neutral: 7
Acidic: less than 7
Basic: greater than 7

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12
Q

Blood enters

A

7.45

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13
Q

Blood leaves

A

7.35

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14
Q

Inc CO2

A

More H+, more acidic
-disturbing equilibrium

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15
Q

Dec CO2

A

Less H+

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16
Q

Acidosis

A

When blood pH falls below 7.35

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17
Q

Alkalosis

A

Occurs when blood pH is above 7.45

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18
Q

Consequences of fluctuations in pH

A

-change excitability of nerve and muscle cells
-marked influence on enzyme activity
-change influence K+ levels in body

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19
Q

Sources of H+

A

-carbonic acid
-inorganic nutrients
-organic acids from metabolism

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20
Q

Lines of defence against pH changes

A

-chemical buffer systems
-respiratory mechanisms of pH control
-kidneys

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21
Q

First line of defence

A

Chemical buffer systems
-minimizes change in pH by binding with or yielding free H+

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22
Q

Henderson hasselbalch equation

A

For weak acids

PH + pK + log[HCO3-]/[H2CO3]

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23
Q

PK is a

A

Constant

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24
Q

[HCO3] : [CO2] in ECF is

A

20:1

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25
Q

PH of plasma is

A

7.4

26
Q

If ratio is >20

A

Alkaline

27
Q

If ration is < 20

A

More acidic

28
Q

[HCO3] is regulated by

A

Kidneys

29
Q

[CO2] regulated by

A

Respiratory system

30
Q

Changes in H+ regulated by

A

Respiratory and kidney systems

31
Q

Second line of defence

A

Respiratory system
-acts at moderate speed
-control rate of CO2 removal

32
Q

Peripheral H+ detection is important

A

When H+ from non-CO2 sources
-carotid bodies, aortic bodies

33
Q

When ventilation is normal

A

Acidosis increases
Alkalosis decreases

34
Q

Rate of CO2 removal is normal

A

Acidosis increases
Alkalosis decreases

35
Q

If pH changes due to respiratory failures

A

Respiratory system cannot contribute

36
Q

Third line of defence

A

Kidneys
-ultimate
-requires hours to days

37
Q

What do kidneys do to control pH

A

-H+ excretion
-HCO3- reabsorption/secretion
-ammonia secretion

38
Q

H+ secreted into tubular fluid at

A

PT, DT, CT
-very little H+ in filtrate
-urine pH 6

39
Q

Inc plasma H+ causes

A

Inc of H+ secretion then excretion, and lowers plasma H+

Inc HCO3- conservation then excretion, and increases plasma HCO3-

40
Q

HCO3- reabsorption is an

A

Active process

41
Q

HCO3- reabsorption depends on

A

Tubular secretion of H+

42
Q

HCO3- excretion in urine

A

Increases H+ in plasma

43
Q

HCO3- addition to plasma

A

Lowers H+ in plasma

44
Q

In H+ excess..

A

New HCO3- generated to a net gain

45
Q

Acidosis H+ secretion and excretion

A

Inc secretion, inc excretion

46
Q

Alkalosis H+ secretion and excretion

A

Dec secretion and excretion

47
Q

PH of urine in response to acidosis

A

Acidic

48
Q

PH in urine response to alkaline

A

Alkaline

49
Q

HCO3- reabsorption and addition of new HCO3- to plasma when acidosis

A

Increases

50
Q

HCO3- reabsorption and addition of new HCO3- to plasma when alkalosis

A

Decreases

51
Q

Urinary fluid buffers

A

-free tubular H+ cannot rise too high
-filtered phosphate
-ammonium

52
Q

Free tubular H+ cannot rise too high

A

Max pH is 4.5

53
Q

Ammonia buffer

A

Takes place in kidney
-metabolism of glutamine to produce ammonia

54
Q

Respiratory acidosis has a ration of

A

Less than 20/1 arising form inc in CO2

55
Q

Respiratory alkalosis has a ratio

A

Greater than 20/1 because of a decrease in CO2

56
Q

Metabolic acidosis has a ratio of

A

Less than 20/1 associated with a fall in HCO3-

57
Q

Metabolic alkalosis has a ratio

A

Greater than 20/1 arising from an elevation in HCO3-

58
Q

Respiratory acidosis response/causes

A

Causes an increase in CO2, such as COPD (hypoventilation)

Responds by increasing plasma HCO3-

59
Q

Metabolic acidosis response/causes

A

Causes a decrease in HCO3-, such as diarrhea

Responds by increasing CO2, conserve more HCO3-

60
Q

Respiratory alkalosis responds/causes

A

Causes a decrease in CO2, example fever or anxiety

Responds by kidney compensation of conserving H+ and excreting HCO3-

61
Q

Metabolic alkalosis responds/causes

A

Causes an inc of HCO3- such as vomiting

Responds by reduced ventilation, retaining CO2 and excess HCO3- is excreted by kidneys

Physiology II (12 decks)

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