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Psychology 11A > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

0
Q

Dendrites

A

The branched part of a neuron that receives impulses and conducts them toward the cell.

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1
Q

Neuron

A

A specialized cell in the nervous system that accumulates and transmits information

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2
Q

Cell Body

A

The portion of the neuron containing the metabolic machinery that keeps the cell alive and functional

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3
Q

Axon

A

The part of a neuron that transmits impulses to glands, muscles, or other neurons

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4
Q

Efferent Neurons

A

Nerves that’s carry messages outward from the central nervous system

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5
Q

Afferent Neurons

A

Nerves that carry messages inward toward the central nervous system

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6
Q

Interneurons

A

Neurons that are neither afferent or efferent, but instead carry information form one neuron to another

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7
Q

Glia

A

Type of cell in the nervous system long believed to provide a support function for neurons. Plays role in controlling nutrient and oxygen supply to the neurons.

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8
Q

Myelin

A

A fatty substance that makes up some types of glial cells; these cells wrap around the axon of some neurons, providing an insulating “myelin sheath” around these neurons.

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9
Q

Action Potential

A

A brief change in the electrical charge of a neuron membrane; the physical basis of the signal that travels the length of the neuron.

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10
Q

Resting potential

A

The voltage difference between the inside and the outside of a neuronal membrane when the neuron is not firing.

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11
Q

Excitation Threshold

A

The voltage difference between a neurons interior and exterior that, if exceeded, causes the neuron to fire.

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12
Q

Refractory Period

A

Consists of the absolute (where is can’t happen) and relative (can happen, but hard to do) refractory period. The time after and action potential where the cell membrane lies below the resting potential.

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13
Q

Depolarize

A

In the nervous system, to lose the charge that normally exists across the neuronal membrane.

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14
Q

Propagation

A

The spread of the action potential down the axon, caused by successive changes in electrical charge along the length of the axons membrane.

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15
Q

All-or-None law

A

The law that all action potentials have the same strength and speed regardless of the triggering stimulus.

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16
Q

Synapse

A

The small gap between two adjacent neurons, consisting of the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons membranes and the space between them.

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17
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals released by one neuron (usually the presynaptic neuron), which trigger a response in another neuron (usually the postsynaptic neuron); Chief means of communication.

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18
Q

Synaptic Reuptake

A

The presynaptic neurons process of reabsorbing it’s own Neurotransmitters after signaling so that they can be released again the next time the neuron fires.

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19
Q

Agonists

A

Drugs that enhance a Neurotransmitters activity

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20
Q

Antagonists

A

Drugs that impede the activity of a neurotransmitter

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21
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A

Specialized membranes that surround the blood vessels within the brain and filter harmful chemicals out of the brains blood supply.

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22
Q

Endocrine System

A

The system of glands that release secretions directly into the bloodstream and affect organs elsewhere in the body.

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23
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical released by a gland and travel through the bloodstream and influence functions such as metabolic rate, arousal level, and the livers sugar output.

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24
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

The technique of applying repeated magnetic stimulation at the surface of the skull to temporarily stimulate or disable a target brain region.

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25
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

A record of the brains electrical activity recorded by placing electrodes on the scalp.

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26
Q

Event-related Potential (ERP)

A

Electrical changes in the brain that correspond to the brains response to a specific event; measure with EEG.

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27
Q

CT (computerized tomography)

A

technique for examine brain structure by constructing a composite of X-Ray images taken from many different angles

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28
Q

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

A

A neuroimaging technique that documents the effects of strong magnetic pulses on the molecules that make up brain tissue. A computer then assembles this information into a picture of brain structure.

29
Q

PET (positron emission tomography) scan

A

A technique for examining brain function by observing the amount of metabolic activity in different brain regions.

30
Q

Functional MRI (fMRI) scan

A

A technique for examine brain function by measuring blood flow and oxygen use within the brain.

31
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

The brain and spinal cord

32
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

The afferent and efferent nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to connect them with the organs and muscles.

33
Q

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A

The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the skeletal muscles and transmits sensory information.

34
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

The division of the peripheral nervous system that receives information from and controls the internal organs.

35
Q

Sympathetic Branch

A

The division of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the organism for physical exertion.

36
Q

Parasympathetic Branch

A

The division of the autonomic nervous system that restores the body’s normal resting state and conserves energy.

37
Q

Brain Stem

A

The brain region at the top of the spinal cord that includes the medulla and the pons.

38
Q

Cerebellum

A

The part of the brain that controls muscular coordination and equilibrium.

39
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

The outermost layer of the forebrain.

40
Q

Cerebral Hemisphere

A

One half (left or right) of the cerebrum, the top most part of the brain

41
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

The area at the front of the cerebral hemisphere; includes tissue crucial for many aspects of planning and controlling thoughts and behaviors

42
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

The area in each cerebral hemisphere that lies between the frontal and occipital lobes; includes tissue crucial for receiving information from the skin senses

43
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

The areas in each cerebral hemisphere lying below the temples; includes tissue crucial for hearing and many aspects of language

44
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

The rearmost area of each cerebral hemisphere; includes tissue crucial for processing visual information

45
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A subcortical structure that plays a vital role in controlling many motivated behaviors like eating drinking and sexual activity

46
Q

Limbic System

A

A group of interconnected structures (including the hypothalamus the amygdala, and others) that are crucial for emotion, motivation, and many aspects of learning and memory

47
Q

Amygdala

A

An almond shaped Temporal lobe structure that plays a central role in emotion and evaluating stimuli

48
Q

Hippocampus

A

A temporal lobe structure that plays a pivotal role in learning and forming new memories

49
Q

Lateralization

A

Functional differences between the two cerebral hemispheres. E.g., in most right-handers the left hemisphere is specialized for language while the right hemispheres is better at some visual and spatial tasks

50
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

The thick bundle of fibers connecting the cerebral hemispheres.

51
Q

Projection areas

A

Areas in which the brain tissue seems to form a map of sensory information

52
Q

Contralateral Control

A

The typical pattern in vertebrates in which movements of the right side of body are controlled by the left hemisphere, while movements of the left side are controlled by the right hemisphere.

53
Q

Apraxia

A

A serious disturbance in beginning or carrying out voluntary movements

54
Q

Visual Agnosia

A

The inability to recognize a visual stimulus despite the ability to see it and describe it

55
Q

Neglect syndrome

A

The result of certain right parietal lobe lesions that leave a patient completely inattentive to stimuli to her left, including the left side of her own body.

56
Q

Aphasia

A

Any of a number of linguistic disorders caused by injury to or malformation of the brain.

57
Q

Prefrontal area

A

The front most portion of the frontal lobes, involved in working memory, strategy formation, and response inhibition

58
Q

Executive control

A

Processes such as making plans or overriding habitual responses that let the brain direct its own cognitive activities

59
Q

Perseveration

A

The tendency to repeat a response inappropriately; often a result of deficits and executive control caused by prefrontal lesions

60
Q

Brain plasticity

A

The capacity for the brain to alter its structure and function

61
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Birth of new neurons

62
Q

2 types of Neurotransmitters

A

Excitatory- EPSP

Inhibitory-IPSP

63
Q

Pons

A

Control levels of attentiveness and helps govern sleep and dreams

64
Q

Medulla

A

Controls breathing and blood circulation and the head and limb positions relative to gravity

65
Q

2 connections of the Right and Left Hemispheres

A

Corpus Callosum and Anterior commissure

66
Q

Anterior Commissure

A

Smaller connection of the 2 hemispheres, that can send small information such as emotions

67
Q

Right hemisphere

A

Can cuss, tends to be sadder, is the bad side in alien hand syndrome, has more white matter, and good at facial recognition

68
Q

Left hemisphere

A

Better at math, does all the talking, happier in general, has more grey matter, more dominant and can control the right

69
Q

3 types of projection area tissue

A

Sensory- info from eyes, ears, etc
Motor- control behaviors
Association- involved with thinking

Psychology 11A (8 decks)

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