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AP World History > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

0
Q

what was in Nile River Valley?

A

Egypt and Nubia

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1
Q

southern Mesopotamia?

A

“cradle” of Middle Eastern civilization, Sumer- gave rise to worlds earliest written language

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2
Q

Norte Chico?

A

on coast of Peru, largest center Caral in Supe River Valley, have found platform mounds, stone buildings with apartments, used quipu language

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3
Q

how was Norte Chico different?

A

cities were smaller than Mesopotamia, it was based on fishing and crops that used irrigation agriculture, not dependent on grains, no pottery or writing (besides quipu), no walls, self contained, and “lit cultural fire” for Chavin, Moche, Nazca, and Inca

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4
Q

what is now called Pakistan?

A

Indus and Saraswati River valleys

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5
Q

when did the Indus River valley form?

A

3rd millennia BC and by 2,000 BC if was bigger than Egypt Mesopotamia or coastal Peru

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6
Q

what stuff did the Indus Valley have?

A

standardized weights, measures, architectural styles and size of bricks
irrigated agriculture and language (not yet deciphered)

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7
Q

difference between Indus Valley and Middle East?

A

Indus Valley had no palaces, temples, games, kings or warrior classes. (how did they do it)

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8
Q

When were cities abandoned in Indus Valley and why?

A

circa 1,700 BC because of repeated irrigation and thus salinization, deforestation

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9
Q

xia dynasty (2200-1766 BC)

A

legendary monarch Wu, flood control projects

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10
Q

Shang (1766-1122) & Zhou (1122-256)

A

made china bigger, had tombs and human sacrifices for afterlife of rulers

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11
Q

what was a political ideology in early china?

A

ruler- “son of heaven” served between heaven and earth and only if he ruled fairly

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12
Q

Who was the longest cultural continuity from then to today?

A

China

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13
Q

Who was on the Gulf of Mexico in southern Mexico near Veracruz?

A

Olmec

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14
Q

Olmec (1200 BC)

A

based on maize beans and squash,
came from chiefdoms and became ceremonial centers, had 17 basalt heads weighing 20+ tons, first written lang in America (900 BC), “mother of civilization”, influenced maya and teotihuacan

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15
Q

what other civilization existed at the same time as the Shang dynasty?

A

Sansingdui, separate but at same time, had bronze sculptures

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16
Q

what caused civilizations to form?

A

Agricultural Revolution let there be a surplus to support a large population and people who didn’t make food)

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17
Q

where did the first civilizations come from?

A

competing chiefdoms that already had rankings and special jobs (some say large scale irrigation projects led to civilization)

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18
Q

why could civilizations have been favored?

A

because they were big and powerful, thus good for protecting (warfare and trade another reason that kind of works with this)

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19
Q

how long did the process of civilization take?

A

centuries or even millennia, and it was unconscious

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20
Q

where are some dry lands with good soil?

A

north china and south Iraq

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21
Q

what was specialized in Afro-Eurasia?

A

animal drawn plows and metalworking

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22
Q

Uruk?

A

Mesopotamia’s largest city, 20 ft tall walls and pop of 50,000 circa 3,000 BC. the center has a ziggurat, a temple for worship and such

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23
Q

Mohenjo Daro?

A

banks of Indus River (2000
BC), pop of 40,000, sister city Harappa, large, richly built house with indoor plumbing, streets in grid, enormous citadel with brick wall

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24
Q

Teotihuacan?

A

Central Valley of Mexico, middle of 1st millennia BC, 200,000 pop, temples, two pyramids, paratial homes for wealthy

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25
Q

what were some advantages for the wealthy in china?

A

monarchs had special clothes, banners, chariots, weapons and ornaments, all graded on official’s exact ranking

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26
Q

what were some advantages for the wealthy in Mesopotamia?

A

punishments in code of Hammurabi were worse if crime was against someone of higher ranking

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27
Q

slavery in Mesopotamia

A

female slaves worked in weaving enterprises while male slaves helped irrigation canals and build ziggurats. both were domestic servants too

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28
Q

slavery in Egypt and Indus was less than…

A

Mesopotamia (which was militarized)

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29
Q

Greeks and Romans had more slaves than…

A

Chinese or Indians

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30
Q

difference between those slaves and modern slaves?

A

slaves weren’t exclusively for agricultural labor and their children were free, not associated with blackness or Africa

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31
Q

what were the roles of women in horticultural societies?

A

they did agricultural labor, made most of food, did spinning, weaving and pottery making

32
Q

how were women treated in horticultural societies

A

with respect and about equal status to men (this can be seen in their art dealing with regeneration) (mainly Europe and Middle East)

33
Q

what happened when plow farming became popular?

A

men farmed more because of the weight and thus became more respected. also, women were getting pregnant more and couldn’t have jobs

34
Q

what could the patriarchy in Mesoamerica and the Andes be caused by?

A

men getting more prestigious jobs because they weren’t as needed at home. this gave men the opportunity to make society to their benefit

35
Q

if women = nature, what happened to how women were viewed?

A

as man conquered nature it made them seem inferior or more delicate

36
Q

what was caused by exclusively men armies, men ownership of land and the buying/selling/trading of women?

A

a “male warrior class”

37
Q

What happened concerning patriarchy in Mesopotamia in the 2nd millennium BC?

A

laws were put into place that protected women as long as they listened to men (general attitude was that women were dependent)

38
Q

in Mesopotamia, what was the difference between a respectable and non respectable woman?

A 
respected (those under protection from man) wore veil
not respected (prostitutes, slaves) forbidden to wear veil
39
Q

what rights did women in Egypt have?

A

could own slaves and property, make own wills, sign own marriage contract and initiate divorce.

40
Q

who was the Egyptian queen?

A

Hatshepsut 1472-1457 BC

41
Q

what was one basis of power that allowed states to function effectively?

A

the recognition that a complex society needs some authority to regulate and coordinate

42
Q

what are some of the major states?

A

Mesopotamia, Egypt, china, Mesoamerica

43
Q

which class did the state protect?

A

the upper (took farmer’s food and demands work)

44
Q

what is the difference between how states rule and how chiefdoms rule?

A

states use violence, chiefdoms use persuasion prestige and gifts

45
Q

Mesopotamian rulers?

A

stewards of city’s patron gods, symbols of kingship, had symbols to divinity

46
Q

Egyptian pharoahs

A

channeled all major gods and kept Nile flooding and Egypt winning battles

47
Q

Who inspires who to prevent strong from hunting weak

A

Hammurabi was inspired by Marduk, chief god of Babylon

48
Q

What Mesopotamian monarch claimed a patron for helped reform?

A

Urukagina

49
Q

What happens to rulers in Zhou dynasty?

A

they rule by Mandate of Heaven, but bad acts could result in dethrone

50
Q

Cuneiform?

A

Sumer
wedge shaped symbols on clay tablets for objects
worlds first written language

51
Q

Hieroglyphs?

A

Egypt

series if signs that denote words and consonants

52
Q

Quipu?

A

Andes

system of knotted cords that are #s

53
Q

400 pictographic symbols?

A

Indus River Valley

not yet deciphered

54
Q

oracle bone script?

A

China

pictographs

55
Q

signs that represent sounds and words?

A

Olmec

56
Q

who had heads erected from basalt?

A

Olmec in mesoa (1200-400 BC)

57
Q

where is a 150 ft tall maya temple?

A

Taka

58
Q

difference between Egypt and Mesopotamia rivers?

A

Nile-rose predictably, good, annual

t&e- unpredictable, bad, annual

59
Q

difference between Egypt and Mesopotamia geo location

A

Egypt- protected by deserts, mts., seas, and cataracts

Mesopotamia- vulnerable to attacks without any geographical figures

60
Q

difference between Egypt and Mesopotamia in beliefs

A

Egypt- stable&hopeful, pyramids show belief in afterlife (land of the west)
Mesopotamia- thought of life as chaotic, subject to whims of gods, and no pleasant after life. “epic of Gilgamesh”

61
Q

difference in environmental impact of Egypt and Mesopotamia

A

Egypt- worked with Nile to avoid salinization. from 2250-1950 struggle with floods
Sumer (southern Mesopotamia)- deforestation and soil erosion decreased crops by 65% between 2400 and 1700.

62
Q

what happened in states in Mesopotamia?

A

because the city states were so packed with people, they would fight each other, both coming out weak and leading to northern Mesopotamia being taken over in (2350 BC)

63
Q

give the order of the rule of Mesopotamia

A

1- Akkadians
2- Babylon
3- Assyrians

64
Q

by what year had the pharoahs lost most of their power?

A

2400 BC, because the Nile stopped flooding which lead to local officials and nobles gaining power because the pharaoh disappointed the city

65
Q

What year did the Nile start flooding again?

A

2000, but the pharoahs never got their power back

66
Q

what did Mesopotamia give to Egypt?

A

wheat. barley. gourds. watermelon. donkey. cows. step pyramids? writing? divine kingship from Sudan

67
Q

where did Hebrews travel from?

A

Mesopotamia to Egypt and Palestine

68
Q

what did the Phoenicians (Mediterranean basin) adopt?

A

Ishtar, the Mesopotamian fertility goddess (named her Astarte), also a Sumerian cuneiform that turned into Latin and Greek m

69
Q

who took Sumerian deities, bronze metallurgy and the wheel?

A

various indo-European people

70
Q

what was the relationship between Nubia and Egypt?

A

they traded, Nubia built pyramids, worshipped gods, used writing, but remained independent. so much do that they invaded in 760 BC and ruled for 100 years

71
Q

what place in Greece did Egypt have an influence on art wise?

A

Minoan civilization

72
Q

Who overran the Babylonian rule of Mesopotamia?

A

Hittites in 1595

73
Q

who ruled Egypt from 1650-1535?

A

Hyksos

74
Q

what happened when Egypt got invaded?

A

they got new technologies like horse drawn chariots, new armor, bows, daggers, spinning weaving, musical instruments, olive&pomegranate trees

75
Q

what happened after Egypt was invaded and made new advances?

A

they took back control, plus Syria and Palestine too

76
Q

what was the final relationship between Egypt and Mesopotamia?

A

they became part of a political system, even intermarrying

77
Q

who did Sumerian merchants make contact with?

A

the Indus in 2300 BC, other trace routes when to Anatolia (turkey), Egypt, Iran and Afghanistan

AP World History (4 decks)

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