Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A + P > Chapter 3 & 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 & 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic cell

A

All body cells except sex cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sex cell

A

(Germ cells) reproductive cells; make sperm, female oocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Plasma membrane

A

(Cell membrane) separates inside of cell (cytosol) from extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Extracellular/interstitial fluid

A

All body fluids found outside cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Functions of cell

A
  • physical barrier
  • regulate exchange with the enviro.
  • sensitivity to environment
  • structural support

Ions + nutrients enter, waste + cellular products released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Membrane lipids

A

(Phospholipid bilayer) barrier to ions and water soluble compounds: hydrophilic and hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Heads toward watery environment, both sides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Fatty acid tails-inside membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

6 functions of membrane proteins

A
  • Anchoring proteins (stabilizers)- attach to inside or outside structures
  • recognition proteins (identifiers)- label cells normal or abnormal
  • enzymes-catalyze reactions
  • receptor proteins-binds and responds
  • carrier proteins-transport specific solutes through membrane
  • channels-regulate water flow and solutes through membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Functions of membrane carbohydrates

A
  • specificity in binding (receptors)

- recognition (immune response)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Permeability

A

Determines what moves in and out of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Freely permeable

A

Let’s anything pass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Selectively permeable

A

Restricts movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Impermeable

A

Let’s nothing in or out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Active transport

A

Requiring energy>ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Passive transport

A

No energy required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of materials (molecules) from a high concentration to a low concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Materials diffuse straight through cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Channel mediated

A

Materials which pass through channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water across the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hypotonic solutions

A

Has less solutes- loses water through osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hypertonic solutions

A

Has more solutes- gains water by osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Isotonic solutions

A

A solution that does not cause osmotic flow of water in or out of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Carrier mediated transport

A

Proteins in the cell membrane carry material across

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Passive, carrier mediated, carrier proteins transport molecules too large to fit through channel proteins (glucose, amino acids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Active transport

A

Move substrates against concentration gradient, require energy, such as ATP, ion pumps-move ions (going against current)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Sodium potassium exchange

A

Active transport, carrier method, sodium ions (Na+) out, potassium ions (K+) in, 1 ATP moves 3 Na+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Na+ concentration gradient drives glucose transport, ATP energy pumps Na+ back out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Transport vesicles

A

Small membrane sacs (vesicles) move material in and out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Endocytosis

A

Into the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Receptors (glycoproteins) bind target molecules, coated vesicles carries target molecules and receptors into cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Pinocytosis

A

(Cell drinking) endoscopes “drink” extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Phagocytosis

A

(Cell eating) engulfs large objects

34
Q

Exocytosis

A

(Out of the cell) discharges contents outside of cell, is the reverse of endocystosis

35
Q

Transport potential

A

Inside cell membrane is slightly negative, outside is slightly positive,
unequal charge across the cell membrane is transmembrane potential

36
Q

Cytoplasm

A

All materials inside the cell and outside the nucleus

37
Q

Cytosol

A

(Fluid) dissolved in nutrients, ions, proteins, and waste products

38
Q

Organelles

A

Structures with specific functions

39
Q

Non-membranous organelles

A

Direct contact with cytosol

40
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Structural proteins for shape and strength, provides internal protein framework; strengthen cell and anchor organelles

41
Q

Micorvilli

A

Increase surface area for absorption, attach to cytoskeleton

42
Q

Cilia

A

Move fluids across cell surface, long extensions, of the cell membrane

43
Q

Centrioles

A

Form spindle apparatus during cell division

44
Q

Ribosomes

A

Proteins synthesis, free ribosomes in cytoplasm-proteins for cell

Fixed ribosomes attached to ER-proteins for secretion

45
Q

Proteasomes

A

Contains protein-digesting enzymes (protease) disassembles damaged proteins for recycling

46
Q

Membranous Organelles

A

Isolated from the cytosol by a phospholipid membrane

47
Q

Mitochondria

A

Produces energy for the cell, has smooth outer membrane and folded inner membrane

48
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, storage of synthesized molecules, and materials, transport of materials within the ER, detoxification of drugs or toxins

49
Q

Rough ER

A

Surface covered with ribosomes, active in protein and glycoprotein synthesis

50
Q

Smooth ER

A

No ribosomes attached, synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates

51
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Secretory vesicles: modify and package products for exocytosis, membrane renewal vesicles: add or remove membrane components

52
Q

Lysosomes

A

Carry enzymes to cytosol

Powerful enzyme containing vesicles, clean up inside of cell

53
Q

Autolysis

A

Self destruction of damaged cells

54
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Enzyme-containing vesicles, break down fatty acids, organic compounds produce hydrogen peroxide

H2O2> H2O and O2

55
Q

Nucleus

A

The cells control center, largest organelle

56
Q

Nuclear membrane (envelope)

A

Double membrane around the nucleus

57
Q

Nucleoli

A

Synthesize RNA

58
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Small communication passages

59
Q

Nucleosomes

A

DNA coiled around histones

60
Q

Chromatin

A

Loosely coiled DNA (cells not dividing)

61
Q

Chromosomes

A

Tightly coiled DNA (cells dividing)

62
Q

DNA

A

Instructions for every protein in the body

63
Q

Gene

A

Are functional units of DNA, contain instructions for 1 or more proteins

64
Q

Nucleus summary

A

The nucleus contains chromosomes

Chromosomes contain DNA

DNA stores genetic instructions for proteins

Proteins determine cell structure & function

65
Q

Protein synthesis

A

DNA>transcription (mRNA) copies DNA and leaves nucleus> translation (tRNA) assembles protein

66
Q

Transcription

A

Copies instructions from DNA to mRNA (in nucleus)

  1. Gene activation-uncoils DNA at start and stop codes
  2. mRNA duplicates DNA
  3. Triplet of 3 nucleotides (codon) represents one amino acid
67
Q

Translation

A

Proteins made in ribosome

  1. mRNA moves from nucleus to ribosome in the cytoplasm
  2. tRNA delivers amino acid to mRNA
  3. tRNA anticodon binds to mRNA codon
  4. 1 mRNA codon translates to 1 amino acid
  5. Amino acids are joined with peptide bonds
68
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of a cell that produces 2 identical daughter cells

69
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division that produces gametes (sex cells with half the # of chromosomes)

70
Q

Interphase

A

Most of a cells life is spent in a non dividing state

71
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes coil, nucleoli and nuclear envelope disappear, centriole pairs move to cell poles, spindle fibers form between centriole pairs

72
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes align on the midline

73
Q

Anaphase

A

Centriole’s microtubules pull chromosomes apart

74
Q

Telophase

A

Nuclear membranes reform, chromosomes uncoil, nucleoli reappear, cell has 2 complete nuclei

75
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm

76
Q

Cell differentiation

A

All cells carry complete DNA instructions for all body functions
Differentiation depends on which genes are active and which are inactive

Cells differentiate by turning off all genes not needed by that cell, specialized cells form tissues

77
Q

Oncogenes

A

Mutated genes that cause cancer

78
Q

Tumor

A

Enlarged mass of cells, abnormal cell growth and division

79
Q

Benign

A

Tumor- contained, not life threatening

80
Q

Malignant

A

Tumor- spread into surrounding tissues (invasion) start new rumors

81
Q

Cancer starts:

A
  • abnormal cell
  • primary tumor
  • metastasis
  • secondary tumor

A + P (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions