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a-level biology > Chapter 3 - Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Biological Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

what is a polymer

A

long chain molecules made up by the linking of multiple monomers in a repeating pattern

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2
Q

what is a condensation reaction

A

a reaction which joins monomers by chemical bonds and it involves the elimination of a water molecule

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3
Q

what is hydrolysis

A

when water is added to break a chemical bond between two molecules

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4
Q

what chemical elements make up carbohydrates

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
general formula: Cx(H2O)x

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5
Q

what chemical elements make up lipids

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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6
Q

what chemical elements make up proteins

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur

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7
Q

what chemical elements make up nucleic acids

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous

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8
Q

role of Ca2+

A

nerve impulse transmission
muscle contraction

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9
Q

role of Na+

A

nerve impulse transmission
kidney function

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10
Q

role of K+

A

nerve impuse transmission
stomatal opening

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11
Q

role of H+

A

catalysis of reactions
PH determination

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12
Q

role of NH4+

A

production of nitrate ions by bacteria

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13
Q

role of NO3-

A

supply N to plants for amino acid and protein formation

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14
Q

role of HCO3-

A

maintenance of blood PH

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15
Q

role of Cl-

A

balance charge of Na+ and K+ ions in cells

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16
Q

role of PO4^3-

A

cell membrane formation
nucleic acid and ATP formation
bone formation

17
Q

role of OH-

A

catalysis of reactions
PH determination

18
Q

structure of water (polar)

A
  • each hydrogen shares a pair of e- with oxygen
  • e- closer to oxygen as it has a greater affinity for them
  • oxygen δ- and hydrogen δ+
  • molecule is polar as it has two charged regions
19
Q

how do hydrogen bonds occur between water molecules

A

the δ- charge on the oxygen attracts the δ+ hydrogen on another water molecule

20
Q

high boiling point of water

A
  • has a high specific heat capacity due to many stable hydrogen bonds between molecules
  • large amount of energy required to break the bonds
21
Q

why is ice less dense than water

A

below 4oC hydrogen bonds fix the positions of H2O molecules further apart than in liquid state

22
Q
A

a-level biology (8 decks)

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