Chapter 3- Bonding

Question 1

Incomplete octet

Answer 1

Exception to octet rule, where element is stable with less than 8 valence electrons.

H, He, Li -2
Be -4
B -6

Question 2

Expanded octet

Answer 2

Any element in period three can hold more than 8 electrons but optimizing their d subshell.

Question 3

Odd # electrons

Answer 3

Compounds with odd number of electrons cannot distribute electrons to have eight on each element.

Question 4

Ionic bond

Answer 4

Is formed via the transfer of one or more electrons from an element of relatively low IE (ionization energy). To an element of high electron affinity.

Occur btw elements with large differences in their electronegativities. 🔼EN > 1.7

Question 5

Cation

Answer 5

Positively charged ion

Question 6

Anion

Answer 6

Negatively charged ion.

Question 7

Crystalline lattices

Answer 7

Large organized arrays of ions which form in ionic compounds in solid state.

Question 8

Covalent bonds

Answer 8

Formed via the sharing of electrons bye two elements of similar electronegativities.

Question 9

Bond order

Answer 9

Refers to whether a bond is single/double/triple.

Question 10

Bond order increases as…

Answer 10

Bond strength increases.

Bond length decreases.

Bond energy increases.

Question 11

Nonpolar bond

Answer 11

Results in molecules which both have relatively similar electronegativities. Equal sharing of electrons. 🔼EN

Question 12

Polar bond

Answer 12

When a significant difference in electronegativities to cause unequal sharing. 🔼EN 0.5-1.7

Question 13

Coordinate covalent

Answer 13

Results when a single atom provides both bonding electrons while the other atom does not contribute any.

Most often occurs in acid-base reactions.

Acid gives H+, base accepts H+

Question 14

Formal charge

Answer 14

=V - B/2 -NB

Question 15

VSEPR

Answer 15

Predicts the 3-D molecular geometry of covalently bonded molecules.

Electronic vs. Molecular geometry

Question 16

Sigma bonds

Answer 16

Are result of head to head overlap

Question 17

Pi bonds

Answer 17

Are the result of the overlap of two parallel cloud densities.

Question 18

Intermolecular forces

Answer 18

Are electrostatic attractions between molecules.

Significantly weaker than covalent bonds.

Question 19

London dispersion forces.

Answer 19

Weakest.

Vander wall force.

As size of atom or structure increases so does these forces.

Geico

Question 20

Dipole-dipole forces

Answer 20

Evident in solid and liquid phases, but negligible in gas phase due to distance of particles.

Question 21

H-bond

Answer 21

Specialized dipole-dipole attractions involved in intra/intermolecular attraction.

H bonded to very electronegative atoms. (O, N, F).

Question 22

Octet rule

Answer 22

States that elements will be more stable with eight valence electrons.