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BIOL 1107: Principles of Biology I > Chapter 3: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Flashcards

1
Q

organic compound

A

a chemical compound containing carbon

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2
Q

macromolecules

A

a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction. polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules

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3
Q

valence

A

the bonding capacity of a given atom; the number of covalent bonds an atom can form, which usually equals the number of unpaired electrons in its outermost (valence) shell

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4
Q

hydrocarbons

A

an organic molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

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5
Q

isomers

A

one of two or more compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties

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6
Q

structural isomers

A

one of two or more compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms

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7
Q

cis-trans isomers

A

one of two or more compounds that have the same molecular formula and covalent bonds between atoms but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms owing to the inflexibility of double bonds; formerly called a geometric isomer

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8
Q

enantiomers

A

one of two compounds that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon

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9
Q

functional groups

A

a specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions

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10
Q

hydroxyl group (-OH)

A
  • alcohol
  • participate in hydrogen bonding, generating a net positively or negatively charged ion
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11
Q

carbonyl group (/\C=O)

A
  • ketone if within a carbon skeleton
  • aldehyde if at the end of a skeleton
  • destabilizes bonds within the carbon chain
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12
Q

carboxyl group (-COOH)

A
  • carboxylic acid or organic acid
  • influential components of fatty acids and amino acids
  • acts as an acid and loses a proton to form a negatively-charged carboxylate ion (COO-)
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13
Q

amino group (-NH2)

A
  • amine
  • connect to form peptide bonds through a reaction with the carboxyl group
  • critical to building all the proteins that make up all life
  • present in all amino acids
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14
Q

sulfhydryl group (-SH)

A
  • thiol
  • constitutes a unique marker for delineating the general role of proteins in membrane functions
  • connect necessary amino acids in structures
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15
Q

phosphate group (-OPO32-)

A
  • organic phosphate
  • makes up nucleic acids
  • provides energy
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16
Q

methyl group (-CH3)

A
  • methylated compound
  • involved in reactions that translocate the entire functional group to another compound
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17
Q

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

an adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. this energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells

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18
Q

polymer

A

a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds

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19
Q

monomers

A

the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer

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20
Q

dehydration reaction

A

a chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule

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21
Q

hydrolysis

A

a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers

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22
Q

carbohydrates

A

a sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides)

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23
Q

monosaccharides

A

the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. also known as simple sugars, monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O.

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24
Q

disaccharide

A

a double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction

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25
Q

glycosidic linkage

A

a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

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26
Q

polysaccharides

A

a polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions

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27
Q

starch

A

a storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages

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28
Q

glycogen

A

an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.

29
Q

cellulose

A

a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by beta glycosidic linkages

30
Q

chitin

A

a structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods

31
Q

lipid

A

any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water

32
Q

fat

A

a lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride

33
Q

fatty acid

A

a carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. fatty acids vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule, also known as a triacylglycerol or triglyceride

33
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton

34
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

a fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.

35
Q

trans fats

A

an unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils, containing one or more trans double bonds

36
Q

phospholipid

A

a lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar,hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. phospholipids form bilayers that function as biological membranes.

37
Q

steroids

A

a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached

38
Q

cholesterol

A

a steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as many hormones

39
Q

catalysts

A

a chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

40
Q

polypeptide

A

a polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

41
Q

protein

A

a biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure

42
Q

amino acid

A

an organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. amino acids serve as the monomers of polypeptides.

43
Q

peptide bond

A

the covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction

44
Q

primary structure

A

a protein’s sequence of amino acids

45
Q

secondary structure

A

the coils and folds that are stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone

46
Q

alpha helix

A

a delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid

47
Q

beta pleated sheet

A

two or more segments of the polypeptide chain lying side by side are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel segments of polypeptide backbone

48
Q

tertiary structure

A

the overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains of the various amino acids

49
Q

disulfide bridges

A

reinforce the shape of proteins

50
Q

quaternary structure

A

the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of polypeptide subunits

51
Q

sickle-cell disease

A

a recessively inherited human blood disease in which a single nucleotide change in the beta-globin gene causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms in affected individuals

52
Q

denaturation

A

in proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive. denaturation occurs under extreme (noncellular) conditions of pH, salt concentration, or temperature.

53
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

a nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell’s proteins.

53
Q

nucleic acids

A

a polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. the two types are DNA and RNA.

53
Q

x-ray crystallography

A

a technique used to study the three-dimensional structure of molecules. it depends on the diffraction of an x-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule.

54
Q

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

a type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses.

55
Q

gene expression

A

the process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs

56
Q

polynucleotides

A

a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain. the nucleotides can be those of DNA or RNA.

57
Q

nucleotides

A

the building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one to three phosphate groups

58
Q

pyrimidine

A

one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring. cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) are pyrimidines.

59
Q

purines

A

one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. adenine (A) and guanine (G) are purines.

60
Q

deoxyribose

A

the sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides

61
Q

ribose

A

the sugar component of RNA nucleotides

62
Q

double helix

A

the form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape

63
Q

antiparallel

A

referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5’ to 3’ directions).

64
Q

bioinformatics

A

the use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets

65
Q

genomics

A

the study of whole sets of genes and their interactions within a species, as well as genome comparisons between species

66
Q

proteomics

A

the systematic study of the full protein sets (proteomes) encoded by genomes

BIOL 1107: Principles of Biology I (4 decks)

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