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A & P Unit 1 > Chapter 3: Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the plasma membrane?

A

Separates the inside from the outside

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2
Q

What role does the plasma membrane play?

A

cellular activity

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3
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model Lipid Bilayer (plasma membrane) has 4 things:

A

hydrophobic tails hydrophilic heads cholesterol proteins

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4
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model What are hydrophobic tails?

A

does not interact with water (on inside)

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5
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model What are hydrophilic heads?

A

does interact with water (on outside)

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6
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model What does cholesterol do?

A

Stabilizes

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7
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model Proteins are

A

imbedded in bilayer

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8
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model Proteins have

A

channels receptors carriers all for hormones

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9
Q

Glycocalyx are branching sugar groups that

A

work to protect out membrane from injury

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10
Q

Glycolipids are

A

lipids with carbohydrate attached

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11
Q

Glycolipids provide

A

energy and cellular recognition

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12
Q

A glycoprotein is

A

a protein with a carbohydrate attached

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13
Q

Glycoproteins aid in

A

binding and cellular recognition

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14
Q

How are glycoproteins involved in embryonic development?

A

The guide embryonic cells through the body

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15
Q

How are glycoproteins involved with in cancer?

A

they will alter or change the cancer

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16
Q

With cancer, that alteration will trigger and destroy those cells, that is called

A

glycocalyx

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17
Q

Glycoproteins involvement with reproduction?

A

helps sperm find the egg cellular recognition

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18
Q

Glycoproteins involvement with blood?

A

plays a roll with compatibility recognition between blood types

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19
Q

3 membrane junctions

A

Tight junction Desmosomes Gap junction

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20
Q

Tight junction is

A

impermeable junction that encircles the cell Nothing can go back and forth found between adjacent cells

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21
Q

Tight junction is found

A

in our digestive tract

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22
Q

Desmosomes are

A

anchoring junction they aren’t going anywhere scattered along the sides of a cell

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23
Q

Desmosomes are found in

A

the skin and muscle

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24
Q

Gap junction is

A

the connection nexus allows chemical substance to pass between cells

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25
Q

What are connexons?

A

Hollow cylinders that connect cells

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26
Q

Gap junctions are found in

A

the heart

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27
Q
A

Ribosomes

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28
Q
A

mitochondria

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29
Q

Passive membrane transport is

A

Diffusion and filtration

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30
Q

what are 5 types of passive transport?

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Simple Diffusion
  3. Facilitated Diffusion
  4. Osmosis
  5. Filtration
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31
Q

Diffusion is

A

the movement of particles DOWN or alond their concentration gradient (down: high to low)

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32
Q

Simple diffusion is

A

diffusion of nonpolar and lipid-soluable substances

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33
Q

In simple diffusion, they diffuse directly through

A

the lipid bilayer.

it is nonpolar (no charge)

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34
Q

Simple diffusion deals with the transports of:

A

oxygen, CO2, fats, urea

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35
Q

Facilitated diffusion is

A

the transport of glucose, amino acids and ions

(ions have charge)

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36
Q

What happens in facilitate diffusion?

A

Transported substances bind carrier proteins or pass through water filled protein channels.

37
Q

Osmosis is

A

the diffusion of water across a semi-permiable membrane.

moves high to low

could be traveling inward or could be traveling outward

38
Q

Filtration is

A

the passage of water and solutes through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure

example: kidneys

39
Q

pressure gradient does what?

A

pushes solute-containing fluid from a higher pressure area to a lower pressure area

40
Q

Tonicity is

A

how a solution affects cell volume

the ability of a solution to change shape or tone of the cells by altering the internal volume of water

41
Q

Iso means

A

same

42
Q

isotonic is a solution

A

with the same solute concentration as that if the cytosol

43
Q

hypertonic solutions have

A

greater solute concentration than that of cytosol

44
Q

hypotonic solutions have

A

lesser solute concentrations that that of cytosol

45
Q

Two types of diffusion are

A

simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion

46
Q

solute is

A

substances present in smaller amounts (dissolved in the solvent)

47
Q

solvent is

A

the substance present in the greatest amount

usually liquids

48
Q

Active Member Transport:

A

carrier proteins used to move against the concentration gradient

49
Q

ATP is required for

A

transport of solutes across a membrane

50
Q

Types of active transport

A
  1. symport system
  2. sy antiport system
  3. primary active transport
  4. secondary active transport
51
Q

Symport system is when

A

two substances are moved across the membrane in the same direction

52
Q

Antiport is when

A

two substances are moved across the membrane in the opposite direction

53
Q

examples of primary active transport

A

sodium potassium pump

54
Q

examples of secondary active transport

A

sodium glucose symport

sodium calcium anteport

55
Q

what are the 8 steps of the sodium potassium pump?

A
  1. 3 sodium bing to the pump from the inside
  2. ATP binds to the pump on the inside
  3. ATP becomes ADP and that causes the pump to turn on
  4. confirmational change-opens to the other side
  5. Sodium is released
  6. 2 potassium bind from the outside
  7. phosphate is kicked off
  8. confirmational change-opens back up to the inside
56
Q

Passive Transport Overview

A

*simple

*facilitated

*osmosis

*filtration

57
Q

Active Transport Overview

A

*symport (sym means same)

*antiport (anti means opposite)

*Primary (uses hydrolisys of ATP)

*Secondary

58
Q

Vesicular transport is

A

the transport of large particles arcoss plasma membranes

59
Q

6 types of Vesicular Transport

A
  1. Exocytosis
  2. Endocytosis
  3. Phagocytosis
  4. Pinocytosis
  5. Receptor mediated endocytosis
  6. Non-clathrin-coated vesicles
60
Q

Exocytosis moves

A

substance from the cell interior to the extracellular space

61
Q

what is typically released in exocytosis?

A

exocytosis moves nuerotransmitters, hormones/mucus

62
Q

endocytosis enables

A

large particles and macromolecules to enter the cell

63
Q

phagocytosis is

A

“cell eating”

it engulfs large solids and brings them in the cell interior

64
Q

pinocyctosis is

A

“cell drinking”

the plasma membrane infolds bringing extracellular fluid and solutes into the interior of the cell.

65
Q

receptor mediated endocytosis is when

A

clathrin coated pits provide the main route for endocytosis and transcytosis

66
Q

non-clathrin-coated vesicles are

A

platforms for a variety of signaling molecules

67
Q

Mitosis is

A

diploid to diploid

68
Q

Meiosis II resembles

A

mitosis

69
Q

Meiosis is

A

diploid to haploids

70
Q

define cytoplasm

A

“cell forming material”

the cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

71
Q

define cytoplasmic organelles

A

each organelle has its own job to maintain the life of the cell

72
Q

cytosol is

A

semitransparent fulid in which the other cytoplasmic elements are suspended

73
Q

what are inclusions?

A

chemical substances that may or may not be present depending on the cell type

74
Q

organelles are

A

the metabolic machinery of the cell

75
Q

mitochondria are

A

usually thread-like or lozenge shaped membranous organelles

76
Q

ribosomes are

A

small dark-staining granules composed of proteins and a variety of RNAs called robosomal RNAs

77
Q

endoplasmic reticulum is

A

an extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing fluid-filled cavitites

78
Q

rough ER is

A

studded with ribosomes

79
Q

smooth ER

A

is continuous with rough ER and consists of tubules arranged in a looping network

80
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

consists of staced and flattened membranous sacs, shaped like hollow dinner plates, associated with swarms of tiny membranous vesicles

“The traffic director”

81
Q

peroxisomes are

A

spherical membranous sacs containing a variety of powerful enzymes.

like small lysosomes

82
Q

lysosomes

A

are spherical membranous organelles containing activated digestive enzymes

83
Q

what organelles are involved in protein synthesis?

A

ribosomes, nucleous, rough endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus

84
Q

Why is cell division important?

A

*organism growth

*reproduction

*tissue repair

85
Q

example of frequent cell division

A

embryo

86
Q

example of less frequent cell division

A

mature nerve cells

87
Q

example of cells that do not divide

A

nerve cells and kidney cells

88
Q

What is chromatin?

A

the material of which chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria are composed. It consists of proteins, RNA and DNA.

89
Q

PMAT

A

Prophase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

A & P Unit 1 (3 decks)

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