Chapter 3 History Flashcards
1
Q
After WW1
A
- Leaders of allies and other countries that won war met in Paris in 1919 to discuss terms of peace agreement (aka. Paris Peace Conference), lasting six months and resulted in treaties defining new borders and compensation for losses suffered.
- More than 30 countries attended the conference. Germany and its allies were not allowed to participate. Russia was not invited, having negotiated Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
2
Q
Canada after WW1
A
- Because Canada contributed much to the war, PM Borden demanded Canada have its own seat at the conference. US President Woodrow Wilson opposed this.
- Canada won seat at conference and Borden insisted he be included among those who signed the Treaty of Versailles, being the first time Canada internationally recognized as an independent nation.
3
Q
The TofV and Germany
A
- Germany reluctantly signed after threats of the continuation of war. The German economy could not make full reparations after war, and different ethnic and cultural groups combined to make new nations under TofV, meaning origins of nationalism left unresolved, making TofV guarantee renewed war
- British PM Lloyd George “We shall have to fight another war all over again in 25 years at three times the cost”, finding conditions of TofV too harsh.
4
Q
T of V and League of Nations
A
- TofV formed League of Nations, one of most important elements of Woodrow Wilson’s 14-point plan.
- The League plan: if one member came under attack, all members united against the aggressor. PM Borden won the right for Canada to become a member of the newly formed League, where 42 founding nations first met in Paris on January 16,1920.
- Britain and France had doubt about League - wanted freedom to pursue imperialism, but realized it had propaganda value, so agreed on the surface. Smaller nations looked forward to era of peace, being concerned about harm from great powers
5
Q
Aftermath of War
A
- Nations were not used to cooperation, and League could not easily impose economic sanctions against offending countries or impose any military force.
- Canadian soldiers returning in 1919 found no pension, medical services or much employment for vets, as employers grew rich.
- Aboriginals benefited from social changes (ex: Military Voters Act), but faced prejudice and were denied even more benefits and settlement packages (of land and money) than other vets, before losing the right to vote.
6
Q
The Spanish Flu
A
- Winter of 1918 - 1919: Spanish Flu (more susceptible to young people) killed millions across Europe → soldiers carried the virus to North America, causing 21 x 106 deaths worldwide, including 50,000 Canadians from 1918 to 1920.
- Many small Aboriginal communities almost wiped out, Schools/public places closed for months to stop spread of virus and people were required to wear masks in some communities
7
Q
Unions in Canada
A
- Demand for higher wages, working conditions and right to join unions emerged from dissatisfaction w/ governments and rich-poor disparity.
- Labour wars occurred in Eastern Canada. Whole communities in Maritimes were employed by British Empire Steel Corporation (BESC), who caused strikes after cutting wages. When strikes turned violent, provincial police and federal troops supported BESC.
- At Western Labour Conference in March 1919, union leaders founded One Big Union (OBU), representing all Canadian workers and helping them gain support through general strikes.
8
Q
Canadian Industrialization
A
- Demand for Canadian pulp and paper grew, and new mills were built in several provinces. Mining also boomed exports of minerals used for consumer goods.
- Several hydro-generating stations constructed to provide industries w/ energy.
- American companies invested in these sectors, the majority of resources brought from them then exported to the US for consumer products.
9
Q
American effects of industrialization
A
- American investors set branch plants by manufacturing cars in Canada to avoid Canadian tariffs, so the Canadian auto industry had been taken over by “Big Three” companies by the end of the 1920’s (General Motors, Ford and Chrysler).
- American companies owned large part of Canada oil enterprise, half of machinery/chemical industries and more than half of rubber/electrical companies
- Canadians had a positive view of American investment and didn’t question consequences.
10
Q
Cars and Airplanes
A
- 50% of Canadian homes had car by late 1920’s, as assembly line invention by Henry Ford allowed cars to be mass produced easily and inexpensively, prompting more and better roads to be built.
- Aviation expanded after WW1, helping make coast of BC and Canada’s remote north more accessible. Veteran pilots became “bush pilots” flying geologists and prospectors into remote areas to explore mining opportunities, like Wilfrid “Wop” May (famous pilot).
10
Q
Telephone Lines
A
- 1920’s → telephone lines commonly shared by many neighbours allowing anyone to listen in on conversation.
- Wide spreading of radio broke down isolation of far-flung communities, later bringing news, pop culture & entertainment. Smaller Canadian stations couldn’t compete with bigger stations from US, leading 300,000 Canadians to tune to American radio by end of 1920’s.
10
Q
Alcohol Prohibition
A
- Alcohol could be received as “tonic” from doctor or from a “bootlegger” or illegal alcohol seller. Provincial govts switched from prohibition to regulation from 1920 to 1921 onward due to unpopularity and inefficiency in a set of plebiscites (direct referendum) which adopted govt-controlled liquor stores
- Canada exported illegal alcohol to US in large quantities during temperance until end in 1933, becoming dangerous but profitable business. Ships from Maritimes and Quebec, speedboats from Ontario, cars and trucks from prairies and salmon trawlers from BC transported alcohol to US.
11
Q
Wilfrid May
A
- 1929 → Wilfrid May and another young pilot flew dangerous flights from Edmonton to help save people of Fort Vermilion from contagious outbreak by delivering serum.
- He also participated in RCMP hunt for Albert Johnson “Mad Trapper” of Rat River, making history for duration of chase and being first time two-way radios and aircraft were used to pursue criminal.
12
Q
Film in Canada
A
- Radio entertainment later rivalled by film, being silent at first while subtitles conveyed messages → “Talkies” (sound film) arrived in 1927
- Canadian-made films couldn’t compete with productions from big studios in US, so Canadian actors, writers and technicians worked in America, like actor Mary Pickford known as “America’s Sweetheart”
13
Q
Magazines in Canada
A
- Political magazine “Canadian Forum” appeared in 1920, where political debate and Canadian literature/poetry appeared.
- “Macleans” magazine published Canadian stories and articles, and Canadian novelists R.J.C. Stead, F.P. Grove, Martha Ostenso and Morley Callaghan wrote novels about Canadians.
- Poets A.J. Smith and Frank Scott wrote about Canadian issues.
