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Science 8 (Miss Reynolds) > Chapter 3: Minerals And Rocks > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Minerals And Rocks Flashcards

1
Q

Substances that are found naturally in the earth and have a crystalline structure

A

Minerals

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2
Q

The branch of geology that deals with the identification and classification of minerals

A

Mineralogy

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3
Q

Substances that cost naturally in the earth’s crust as single, unconvinced elements. (This is the smallest group of mineral classification.)

A

Native elements

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4
Q

Compounds made with the elements fluorine, bromine, chlorine, or iodine. (Examples include: halite, sylvite, and flourished.)

A

Halides

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5
Q

Two specific minerals that contains the element sulfur

A

Sulfides (pyrite and cinnabar)
Sulfates (anhydride and gypsum)

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6
Q

Minerals that contain the element oxygen bonded to a metal

A

Oxides

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7
Q

Minerals containing carbon bonded to oxygen

A

Carbonates

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8
Q

BONUS: What is the most common carbonate mineral?

A

Calcite

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9
Q

Minerals containing the element phosphorous bonded to four oxygen atoms

A

Phosphates

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10
Q

The largest mineral group which composes over 90% of the earth’s crust

A

Silicates (all of which contain silicon, oxygen, and other elements)

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11
Q

Geometric structures that are composed of atoms or molecules and have an orderly arrangement (this characteristic is shared by all minerals)

A

Crystals

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12
Q

The many flat surfaces of a crystal

A

Faces

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13
Q

The line of powder left by a mineral on a piece of unglazed porcelain

A

Streak

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14
Q

The way light is reflected from the surface of a mineral

A

Luster

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15
Q

The resistance of a smooth surface of a mineral to being scratched

A

Hardness

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16
Q

Hardness scale that is rated 1-10 (from softest to hardest), providing a standard of comparison for all other minerals

A

Mohs scale

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17
Q

The tendency of a mineral to break readily along certain flat surfaces (planes), producing fragments with he same shape as the parent mineral

A

Cleavage

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18
Q

Minerals that do not possess the ability to break readily along flat surfaces break in different shapes. This property is called…

A

Fracture

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19
Q

A number that compares an object’s density to the density of water

A

Specific gravity

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20
Q

The ratio of the mass of any volume of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water

A

Specific gravity

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21
Q

Test of placing a drop of diluted hydrochloric _________ on a specimen of a mineral

A

Acid test

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22
Q

Property of a mineral that causes it to glow when exposed to ultraviolet light

A

Flourescence

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23
Q

Property of a mineral that causes it to continue to glow for a while after being exposed to ultraviolet light, then placed in the dark

A

Phosphorescence

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24
Q

Another hardness test used for industrial purposes, which consists of striking a small, very hard ball into the material being tested

A

Brinell hardness test

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25
Q

General term for extracting minerals from the earth

A

Mining

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26
Q

6 of the most important metals extracted from the earth

A

Gold, silver, copper, iron, aluminum, and platinum

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27
Q

Any mineral containing a valuable metallic element is called an ______.

A

Ore (e.g. hematite is an iron ore)

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28
Q

The science of extracting metals from the earth and preparing them for use

A

Metallurgy

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29
Q

Three steps of metallurgy

A
  1. Extracting
  2. Refining
  3. Shaping
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30
Q

The most abundant element in the earth’s crust

A

Aluminum

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31
Q

The refining process which included heating the metal in a high-pressure container with lye (sodium hydroxide)

A

Bayer process

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32
Q

Refining process that involves dissolving the chemical (produced in the Bayer process) in the mineral cryolite and using electricity to remove the final refined metal

A

Hall-Heroult process

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33
Q

Metal used for producing aircraft, spacecraft, automobile wheels, and other applications( i.e. soft can drinks, kitchen foil) due to its lightness and strength

A

Aluminum

34
Q

The second most common metal in the earth’s crust; found in large deposits in China, Brazil, Australia, India, Russia

A

Iron

35
Q

The primary method through the ages for refining iron by processing the iron ore with limestone and coke to form pig iron

A

Blast furnace

36
Q

A more environmentally-conscious way to refine iron using methane gas instead of coke

A

Direct iron reduction

37
Q

A metal mixture of two or more metals

A

Alloy

38
Q

The alloy of iron and carbon

A

Steel

39
Q

The alloy of iron, carbon, and nickel or chromium

A

Stainless steel

40
Q

A reddish-orange metal used as the coating of pennies; a good conductor of electricity; easy to shape into thin bands

A

Copper

41
Q

An alloy of copper and zinc

A

Brass

42
Q

An alloy of copper and tin

A

Bronze

43
Q

Metal used for radiation shielding, automobile batteries, and small-arms ammunition

A

Lead

44
Q

Metal primarily used in stainless steel, electrical heating elements, certain scientific instruments, and magnets

A

Nickel

45
Q

Metal used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion (used in making cans for food)

A

Tin

46
Q

Metal used in making coins and in preventing corrosion

A

Zinc

47
Q

Metal used as fuel for nuclear reactors

A

Uranium

48
Q

Metals valued for their durability, rarity, and beauty

A

Precious metals

49
Q

Precious metal that has been treasured by man since early times; much of it is formed into bars called bullion and stored in guarded vaults as a financial reserve

A

Gold

50
Q

A precious metal used in making jewelry, tableware, and other items that display its luster; the most reflective of all metals in its purest state

A

Silver

51
Q

The best known conductor of heat and electricity at normal temperatures; also used in photographic films

A

Silver

52
Q

White-grey precious metal considered to be even more valuable than gold or silver because of its many uses

A

Platinum

53
Q

The rarest, most durable, and most beautiful minerals

A

Precious stones

54
Q

Precious stone with Mohs value of ten

A

Diamond

55
Q

What are the four Cs

A

Caret weight, clarity, color, and cut

56
Q

The red variety of corundum

A

Ruby

57
Q

Blue corundum containing traces of iron or titanium

A

Sapphire

58
Q

Green beryl containing traces of chromium oxide

A

Emerald

59
Q

Gems that are not as rare, durable or esteemed as precios stones

A

semiprecious stones

60
Q

Look like natural gemstone but have different chemical and physical properties (imitation stones)

A

Simulant gemstones

61
Q

Identical to their natural counterparts in appearance and chemical content

A

Synthetic gemstones

62
Q

The process of growing a large crystal on and around a small crystal

A

overgrowth

63
Q

Process that drops powdered chemicals into a blowtorch flame

A

flame-fusion process

64
Q

Method that begins by melting ingredient powders in a container

A

puled method

65
Q

A highly complicated process that is primarily used for making emeralds and certain non-gemstone materials

A

hydrothermal synthesis

66
Q

The hard material that makes up the earths crust

A

rock

67
Q

The branch of geology that is concerned with the origin, composition, and structure of rocks

A

petrology

68
Q

Rocks that form when magma solidifies

A

igneous rock

69
Q

Rock that hardens while still underground

A

intrusive rock

70
Q

Rocks that are forced out of the earth as lava and cool

A

extrusive rock

71
Q

The chief condition affecting an igneous rocks texture

A

the rate at which the magma cools

72
Q

The most common igneous rock

A

basalt

73
Q

Mixed texture rock that cools slowly and then quickly

A

porphyritic rock

74
Q

When magma cools very quickly and no crystals form

A

amorphous rock

75
Q

The best example of amorphous igneous rock

A

obsidian

76
Q

Rock that forms when heat, pressure, and chemical action fuse sediments together

A

sedimentary rock

77
Q

Hard, round structures that form when minerals settle out of water

A

concretions

78
Q

The horizontal rock layer that has different types of rock layer above it

A

stratum

79
Q

States that any undisturbed strata will lie in the order that they were laid down

A

law of superposition

80
Q

Rock formed from fragments (clasts) of other rocks

A

clastic sedimentary rock

81
Q

The most abundant sedimentary rock

A

shale

82
Q

Consist of grains of sand cemented together into rock

A

sandstone

Science 8 (Miss Reynolds) (5 decks)

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