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A&P > Chapter 3 Section 2 (Lecture) > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Section 2 (Lecture) Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleus

A

The largest organelle that stores genetic information, directs protein synthesis, and determines cell structure and function, and directs cellular responses to environmental changes.

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2
Q

What is genetic information?

A

The coded sequence in DNA nucleotides.

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3
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

The base for the nucleic acids, linked to a phosphate group.

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4
Q

What are short-term adjustments?

A

Changes in enzyme activity.

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5
Q

What are long-term adjustments?

A

Long-term adjustments often occur as part of growth, development, and aging.

There will be changes in quantity and types of enzymes, and changes in cell structural proteins.

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6
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane that surrounds the nucleus.

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7
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Regulate passage of substances, allow ions and particular proteins to pass, and do not permit DNA to leave the nucleus.

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8
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Fluid contents of the nucleus.

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9
Q

Nucleoli

A

Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and site of ribosome subunit synthesis.

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10
Q

Histone Proteins

A

Histone Proteins help DNA to coil and help DNA’s activity.

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11
Q

Chromatin

A

Loosely coiled, Interphase.

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12
Q

Condensed Chromosomes

A

Supercoiled. Mitosis.

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13
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

All cells that are not gametes.

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14
Q

Genetic code

A

Sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA nucleotides.

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15
Q

Gene

A

Long nucleotide sequence that codes for a particular protein.

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16
Q

Genes use a what to code?

A

A triplet code.

17
Q

RNA

A

The link between a gene’s instructions for a particular protein and its manufacturer in the cytosol.

18
Q

What are the steps in the RNA protein synthesis?

A
  1. RNA is synthesized in the nucleus.
  2. RNA is sent to cytosol.
  3. RNA actively participates in protein synthesis.
19
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA?

A 
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
20
Q

What does mRNA do?

A

Carries the instructions for protein synthesis from the nucleus to a ribosome.

21
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

Brings the correct amino acid for the ribosome to use.

22
Q

What does rRNA do?

A

It is part of a ribosome’s structure.

23
Q

What is Transcription?

A

The synthesis of RNA.

24
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

In the nucleus.

25
Q

What is Translation?

A

The synthesis of proteins.

26
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

In the cytoplasm at ribosomes.

27
Q

Is RNA allowed to leave the nucleus?

A

Yes.

28
Q

What are the stages of mRNA synthesis?

A
  1. Gene activation.
  2. Transcription of gene.
  3. Termination of transcription.
  4. Processing of immature mRNA.
29
Q

Is mRNA processed before allowed to leave the nucleus?

A

Yes.

30
Q

What is pre-mRNA also called?

A

Immature mRNA.

31
Q

Introns.

A

The nucleotides that are removed.

32
Q

Exons

A

Remaining segments that are spliced together.

33
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

In the cytoplasm at the ribosomes.

34
Q

What is a codon?

A

Three nucleotides that have been spliced together that specify an amino acid.

35
Q

What is the process of Translation?

A
  1. Entry of mRNA into cytoplasm.
  2. Binding of mRNA to a small ribosomal subunit and the arrival of the first tRNA.
  3. Joining of ribosomal subunits around the mRNA strand and the arrival of more tRNAs.
  4. Attachment of tRNA with antiocodon that is complimentary to the codon on the RNA strand.
  5. The dipeptide forms, the first tRNA is released, and the arrival of another tRNA, and the stop codon in mRNA is reached.
  6. The completion of the polypeptide and there is a detachment of the ribosomal subunits.
36
Q

How does DNA code for a protein? The steps.

A

The DNA triplets determine the sequence for mRNA codons.
The mRNA codons determine the sequence of tRNAs.
The sequences of tRNAs determines the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide.

A&P (2 decks)

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