Chapter 3: Spatial Interaction and Spatial Behavior

Question 1

Spatial Interaction

Answer 1

• the contact among places
• e.g. movements of people, ideas, and commodities from place to place
• such movements tend to smooth out spatially differing availability of required resources, commodities, information, or opportunities

Question 2

Tobler’s First Law of Geography

Answer 2

nearby things are more similar than distant things

Question 3

Distance Decay

Answer 3

decline of an activity or function within increasing distance from its point of origin

Question 4

Friction of distance

Answer 4

• distance has a retarding effect on human interaction b/c there are penalties in time and cost

Question 5

Critical Distance (frictionless zone)

Answer 5

the distance beyond which cost, effort, and means strongly influence our willingness to travel

Question 6

Summarizing Model

Answer 6

spatial interaction is controlled by 3 flow-determining factors:

• complementarity
• transferability
• intervening opportunity

Question 7

Intervening Opportunity

Answer 7

• complementarity can be effective in absence of more attractive alternative sources of supply or demand interactions that otherwise might develop
• serves to reduce supply/demand interactions that otherwise might develop between distant complementary areas
• for reasons of cost and convenience, purchaser is unlikely to buy identical commodities at distance when suitable nearby supply is available

Question 8

which cultural hearth is closest to origin of PIE language?

Answer 8

Mesopotamia/

Middle East

Question 9

Gravity Model

Answer 9

physical laws of gravity and motion developed by Newton are applicable to aggregate actions of humans

Question 10

What affects the “gravity of a place”?

Question 11

Mobility

Answer 11

temporal travel – movement for daily activities and tourism

Question 12

Migration

Answer 12

residential relocation

Question 13

Space, Time, and Women

Question 14

US Migration (population centroid)

Question 15

Total displacement migration

Answer 15

migrants travel far so they have completely new activity spaces that do not overlap at all with former homes ranges

Question 16

Spatial Autocorrelation

Answer 16

• fundamental concept in spatial statistics

- tradition IID (independent and identically distributed) assumption is not valid when conducting statistics features

Question 17

Complementarity

Answer 17

for 2 places to interact, 1 place must have what another place wants and can secure

Question 18

Transferability

Answer 18

• acceptable costs of an exchange
• expression of mobility of commodity and function of 2 interrelated conditions (characteristic of product and distance measured in time and money penalities)

Question 19

Law of Retail Gravitation (Reilly)

Answer 19

using population and distance inputs of gravity model, Reilly determined breaking-point (BP) location between 2 towns where one would expect to find boundary separating market areas of 2 towns

Question 20

Activity Space

Answer 20

area within which we typically move freely on our rounds of regular activity, sharing that space with others who are also about daily affairs

Question 21

Space-time prism

Answer 21

• represents daily space-time constraints of time geography

- volume of space and length of time within which our activities must be confined

Question 22

Critical Distance

Answer 22

distance beyond which cost, effort, and means strongly influence willingness to travel

Question 23

Partial displacement migration

Answer 23

local moves wherein migrants move to new residence nearby with new activity spaces overlapping some with former home ranges

Question 24

Force migration

Answer 24

relocation decision is made solely by people other than migrants themselves

Question 25

Reluctant migration

Answer 25

less than fully voluntary

Question 26

Voluntary (volitional) migration

Answer 26

• individual response to factors influencing all spatial interaction decisions
• migrants believe their opportunities and life circumstances will be better at destination than they are at present location

Question 27

Channelized migration

Answer 27

areas that are in some way ties to one another by past migrations, economic trade considerations, or some other affinity