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Kaplan: Anatomy and Physiology Part II > Chapter 3: Thorax (continued 3) > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Thorax (continued 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 layers of the pericardium?

A
  • the outer fibrous layer
  • a double layered parietal and visceral serous layer
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2
Q

What is the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

a space posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk and anterior to the superior vena cava and pulmonary veins

separates the great arteries from the great veins

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3
Q

What is the oblique pericardial sinus?

A

is the blind, inverted, U-shaped space posterior to the heart and bounded by reflection of serous pericardium around the 4 pulmonary veins and inferior vena cava as they enter the heart?

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4
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

the pathological accumulation of fluids serous or blood within the pericardial cavity.

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5
Q

How is pericardiocentesis performed?

A

with a needle at the left infrasternal angle through the cardiac notch of the left lung

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6
Q

The right border of the heart mainly is formed by which part of the heart?

A

right atrium

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7
Q

The left border of the heart is mainly formed by which part of the heart?

A

The left ventricle

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8
Q

The apex of the heart is mainly formed by which heart structure?

A

the left ventricle

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9
Q

The anterior (sternocostal) surface of the heart is mostly formed by which structure?

A

the right ventricle

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10
Q

The posterior surface of the heart is mostly formed by which structure?

A

left ventricle

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11
Q

What are the 3 main sulci of the heart?

A

coronary
anterior interventricular
posterior interventricular

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12
Q

The upper right aspect of the heart is deep to which costal cartilage?

A

3rd right costal cartilage

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13
Q

The lower right aspect of the heart is deep to which costal cartilage?

A

6th right costal cartilage

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14
Q

The upper left aspect of the heart is deep to which costal cartilage?

A

the left second costal cartilage

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15
Q

The apex of the heart is in which intercostal space?

A

left fifth intercostal space at the midclavicular line

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16
Q

The right border of the heart lies between which structures of the rib cage?

A

the third right costal cartilage to the sixth right costal cartilage just to the right of the sternum

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17
Q

The left border of the heart extends between which parts of the rib cage?

A

between the fifth left intercostal space to the second left costal cartilage

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18
Q

The inferior border of the heart extends between what structures of the rib cage?

A

between the sixth right costal cartilage to the fifth left intercostal space at the midclavicular line

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19
Q

The superior border of the heart extends to between which structures of the rib cage?

A

the inferior margin of the second left costal cartilage to the superior margin of the third right costal cartilage

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20
Q

Describe the auricle of the heart ?

A

part of the right atrium that includes rough myocardium known as pectinate muscles

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21
Q

Describe the sinus venarum.

A

the smooth-walled portion of the atrium which receives blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae. Derived from sinus venosus

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22
Q

What is the crista terminalis?

A

the vertical ridge that separates the smooth from the rough portion (pectinate muscles) of the right atrium

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23
Q

Which valve is on the left side of the heart separating the atria from the ventricles?

A

the mitral or bicuspid valve

24
Q

What are the ridges of myocardium in the ventricular wall?

A

trabeculae carneae

25
Q

This structure projects into the cavity of the ventricle and attaches cusps of the AV valve by the strands of the chordae tendineae?

A

papillary muscle

26
Q

What is the function of the chordae tendineae?

A

fibrous courds between the papillary muscles and the valve leaflets that control closure of the valve during contraction of the ventricle

27
Q

What is infundibulum?

A

the smooth area of the right ventricle leading to the pulmonary valve

28
Q

What is another name for septomarginal trabecula?

A

moderator band

29
Q

What is the septomarginal trabeculae?

A

band of cardiac muscle between interventricular septum and anterior papillary muscle

30
Q

The first heart sound occurs at the closure of which valves?

A

at the closure of the atrioventricular valves at the beginning of systole

31
Q

The second heart sound occurs at the closure of what occurrence of the heart?

A

at the closure of aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves

32
Q

Which valves are more commonly involved in valvular disease?

A

aortic and mitral

33
Q

T/F. A heart murmur is heard downstream from the valve. Thus stenosis is retrograde and insufficiency is orthograde.

A

false; stenosis is orthograde and insufficiency is retrograde

34
Q

What type of valvular dysfunction is heard in the right upper sternum?

A

systolic:
aortic stenosis

35
Q

What types of valvular dysfunction is heart in the right lower sternum?

A

systolic:
tricuspid insufficiency

36
Q

What type of murmur is heard in the upper left lateral chest wall?

A

systolic:
mitral insufficiency

36
Q

What type of murmur is heard at the apex of the heart?

A

diastolic:
mitral stenosis
aortic insufficiency

37
Q

In MI which artery is obstructed in 50% of cases?

A

anterior descending artery

38
Q

In MI which artery is obstructed 30% of the time?

A

the right coronary

39
Q

Which artery is obstructed in 20% of cases of MI?

A

circumflex artery

40
Q

What are the main branches of the right coronary artery?

A

SA nodal artery
AV nodal artery
posterior interventricular artery

41
Q

What is the 1st branch of the right coronary artery?

A

SA nodal artery

42
Q

Which part of the right coronary artery would the AV nodal artery be found?

A

arises from the distal end of the right coronary artery as it forms the posterior interventricular artery

43
Q

Which sulcus does the posterior interventricular artery lie??

A

lies in the posterior interventricular sulcus

44
Q

What are the 2 branches of the left coronary artery?

A

anterior interventricular or left anterior descending artery and circumflex artery

45
Q

What is the most common site of coronary occlusion?

A

LAD

46
Q

What parts of the heart does the circumflex artery supply?

A

left border of the heart via the marginal branch

the posterior aspect of the left ventricle and supplies the posterior-inferior left ventricular wall.

47
Q

Which sulcus does the coronary sinus lie?

A

posterior coronary sulcus

48
Q

Where does the coronary sinus drain?

A

to an opening in the right atrium

49
Q

What is the main tributary of the coronary sinus?

A

the great cardiac vein

50
Q

Which artery supplies the SA node?

A

right coronary artery

51
Q

Which artery supplies the AV node?

A

right coronary artery

52
Q

The bundle of His is supplied by what artery?

A

the LAD

53
Q

Nerves that sense pain associated with coronary artery ischemia (angina) follow the sympathetic pathways back into which spinal cord segments?

A

T1-T5

54
Q

What is the cause of herniation of abdominal contents into the pleural cavity in congenital diaphragmatic hernia?

A

failure of the pleuroperitoneal membranes to develop properly

55
Q

What is an esophageal hiatal hernia?

A

a herniation of the stomach into the pleural cavity due to an abnormally large esophageal hiatus to the diaphragm

56
Q

How does an esophageal hiatal hernia affect the GI?

A

this condition renders the esophagogastric sphincter incompetent so that contents reflux into the esophagus.

Kaplan: Anatomy and Physiology Part II (19 decks)

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