Chapter 30 - Section 1

Question 1

Whowere/arethefirsthumanstosettleinAustralia?

Answer 1

Aborigines

Question 2

Minimum,howmanyyearsagowasAustraliasettled?

Answer 2

40,000 years

Question 3

WhowasthefirstEuropeantoreachNewZealandandAustralia?Whodidheclaimtheselandsfor?

Answer 3

James Cook

Great Britain

Question 4

Whatisapenalcolony?WhichmodernOceanic

countrywasestablishedasapenalcolony?

Answer 4

Prison colony

Australia

Question 5

WhendidAustraliaandNewZealandgain

independence?

Answer 5

First decade of 20th century (1901 and 1907, respectively)

Question 6

WhatwordshaveAustraliansintroducedintothe

commonvernacular?

Answer 6

“mate” and “fair go”

Question 7

WhathappenedtotheAboriginesduringthe

colonizationperiod?

Answer 7

• Colonistsforcedthemofftheirland
• Thousandsdiedfromdisease
  -Survivorsforcedtoworkonsheepandcattle
  stations
• Aboriginecultureslowlydiedaspartofadoptionof
  Europeanculture

Question 8

What is a station?

Answer 8

Extremely large ranches

Question 9

What happened to the Maori during the colonization period?

Answer 9

• BritainpromisedtoprotectMaoriland
• Colonistsbrokepromiseandbloodywarwaswaged
• 1872,colonistsultimatelydefeatedMaori
• MaoriforcedtoadoptEnglishways

Question 10

Minimum,howmanyyearsagowerethePacific

Islandssettled?

Answer 10

30,000 years

Question 11

Which Pacific Isalnd was first settled?

Answer 11

New Guinea (Melanesia)

Question 12

Thoughsimilaritiesdidexist,whydidthePacific
Islandsdevelopanextraordinarynumberofdiverse
cultures?Whydotheseculturessharecertain
characteristics?

Answer 12

-Distancebetweenislandspreventedcommunication
-Theyalllivedinoceanenvironment,sodespite
greatdifferences,all Pacific Islanders adopted lives revolving around the ocean

Question 13

Which Western nations had established colonies in the Pacific Islands?

Answer 13

• Britain
• France
• Germany
• United States

Question 14

WhichEasternnationestablishedcoloniesinthe

Pacific?

Answer 14

Japan

Question 15

Inwhatway(s)didWesternnationsinfluencenative

PacificIslandcultureandsociety?

Answer 15

-Mostgovernmentswererepublicanordemocratic
-MostchurcheswereChristian
-Islandersbecamebilingual(nativelanguageplus
English)
- Foreigncompaniesoperatebusinessesandlargefarms

Question 16

Who settled Easter Island? How did they arrive? What did these settlers call Easter Island?

Answer 16

• small group of Polynesians
• rowed canoes across the ocean, navigating by the stars (evening) and ocean swells (daytime)
• unknown why they left land
• called Easter Island: Rapa Nui

Question 17

What are moai?

Answer 17

MonolithicstatuesbuiltbysettlersofEasterIslandtohonortheirancestors.

Question 18

WhatarethesettlersofEasterIslandcalled?

Answer 18

Rapanui

Question 19

ApproximatelywhatyearistraditionallyidentifiedforEasterIsland’s settlement?

Answer 19

800 A.D.

Question 20

WhatisthelatesttheoryaboutwhathappenedtotheRapanuiofEasterIsland?Howwasthisconclusion
arrivedat?Howdoesitdifferwiththetraditional
theoryaboutwhatoccurred?

Answer 20

-Combinationofconsumingalltheisland’sbirds,
whoseguanofertilizedthesoil,slashandburn
agriculture,andrats
- Didnotcuttreesdownforuseinmovingmoai
- Othernearbyislandshadsimilarcircumstanceswhere
deforestationoccurredwhenthebirdswereallconsumed
-RatshadbeenbroughttoallPacificIslands,butdeforestation
didn’toccuratallofthem,onlyoneswithbirdspeciesentirely
eatenbyhumans

Question 21

Howwerethemoaistatueslikelymoved?Howdid

archaeologistsarrivethisconclusion?

Answer 21

-uprightwiththreesetsofrope
- Arrivedatconclusionbynoticingpatternsbetween
statuesthatfellonroad(behindorfacedown),as
wellasdifferencesinbasesofstatuesandlocationofcenterof
gravitybetweenfallenstatuesandthosethatmadeitto
destination
- Patternsoffallingareonlyconsistentwithanuprightstatue
- Thensimplematterofexperimentinguntiltheywereabletoget
placementofropes,numberofpeople andhowthey’redistributed,etc.right.

Question 22

HowdoarchaeologistsnowbelieveRapanui

attemptedtostaveoffdeforestationdisaster?

Answer 22

Rockmulching.Mineralsfromrocksleechintosoil.Keepsoiland water/moisture in place

Question 23

WhyisEasterIslandknownas“EasterIsland”?

Answer 23

Dutch traders landed on the island Easter Day

Question 24

HowdoanthropologistsknowAustralia’sAborigines

aretheworld’soldestcivilization?

Answer 24

-DNAwasextractedfromlivingAboriginesaswellas
nativePapuans
-Geneticcharacteristicsmatchedasingleancestral
groupofmigrantswho left Africa around 72,000 years ago

Question 25

HowhasconfirmationAustralia’sAboriginesarethe

world’soldestleftAfricaaround72,000yearsago civilizationaffectedourunderstandingofhumanity’sevolution?

Answer 25

-Suggeststherewasasingle“outofAfrica”event,

ratherthanmultipleones

Question 26

HowdidAboriginalancestorsbecomegenetically

isolated?

Answer 26

• CrossedintoSahul—prehistoricsupercontinentof
  Australia,Tasmania,andNewGuinea
  -Around10,000yearsago,waterlevelsroseand
  separatedSahulfromrestofworld

Question 27

WhendidAustraliansandPapuansbecome
geneticallydistinctfromtherestofhumanity?Why
didthisoccur?

Answer 27

58,000yearsago
-UnknownaswaterseparationbetweenAustralia
andGuineahadn’tyetoccurred •Theorizedbreakcouldhavebeenattributedto
earlyfloodingoftheCarpentariaBasinthatleftAustralia
connectedtoNewGuineabyonlyanarrow,impassablestripof
land

Question 28

WhendidAboriginesbecomegeneticallydistinct

fromoneanother?Whydidthisoccur?

Answer 28

31,000 years ago

Likely result of inhospitable desert in the interior of the continent

Question 29

WhatmakesAboriginallanguagessoodd?What

hypothesesexisttoexplainsuchoddity?

Answer 29

-90%ofAboriginallanguageisonly4000yearsold
- Possibleanswerhasbeenthatasecondmigration
intoAustraliabypeoplespeakingthislanguage
occurredaround4,000yearsago •Morelikelypreviouslyunidentifiedinternaldispersalof
AboriginesthatsweptfromthenortheastacrossAustraliaaround
thattimeledtothelinguisticandculturallinkingofthecontinent’sindigenouspeople;thispeoplethendisappearedfromrecord