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PTA 130 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 classification of joints?

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Diarthrodial
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2
Q

What is the Fibrous Joint?

A

A thin layer of fibrous periosteum

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of Fibrous joints?

A
  1. Suture: doesn’t move (ex. Skull)
  2. Ligamentous (ligaments between 2 joints): ex. Distal end of the tibia and fibula - little bit of motion to allow dorsiflexion but it’s not what we would see as a moveable joint
  3. Interosseus membrane: provides attachment sites for tendons and muscles
  4. Gomphosis: between the tooth and dental wall socket
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4
Q

What is the Cartilaginous Joint?
What are the 2 types of discs that are made up of the cartilaginous joint?

A

Provide stability while allowing small amounts of movement, such as bending, twisting, and compression

  1. Fixed disc: ex. Spine (bend and twist)
  2. Non-fixed disc: ex. Jaw - mandibular joint (doesn’t move)
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5
Q

What is the Diarthrodial joint?
What is the Synovial joint?

A

Allow more movement than stability - has more pieces / components to the joint

Synovial Joint: the more motion, the less stable; the less motion, the more stable
- a sleeve-like capsule surrounds the joint and is filled with synovial fluid
- end of the bones have articulate cartilage

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6
Q

What are the 4 planes associated with the Synovial Joint?

A
  1. Non-axial joint: ex. Wrist bones
    • two bones are flat and slide on each other - linear motion
    • articulate with more than one bone
  2. Uniaxial joint:
    Hinge:
    • single axis (move in 1 direction)
    • angular motion in one plan
      Pivot: ex. Radial / ulnar; C1 and C2 vertebrae
  3. Biaxial joint: Motion occurs in 2 directions
    Condyloid / Ellipsoidal: moves in 1 plane (usually) generally has a rounded edge of the bone & a flatter edge / “condyles” at the end of long bones
    Stellar / Saddle: can flex and extend as well as AB and AD duct. Ex. Thumb as it articulates with the wrist bone
  4. Triaxial joint: move in 3 planes / 3 directions (ball-and-socket joints); ex. Shoulder and hip
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7
Q

What is a Joint Structure?

A

2 bones that articulate with each other / interact with each other to create movement

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8
Q

What structures are associated with Joint Structures?

A
  1. Bones
  2. Ligaments
  3. Capsule
  4. Cartilage
  5. Tendon
  6. Bursae
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9
Q

What is a Ligament?

A

A fibrous connective tissue (organized) that connect bone to bone
- job: support and hold bones together, no movement; provide an attachment point but are not allowed to let the muscle move
- connective soft tissue (little flexibility but are not stretchy; don’t want too much motion)

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10
Q

What is a Capsule?
Most common capsule?

A

A big balloon - there are stability and fully encase the synovial membrane

Synovial Membrane: creates / secretes synovial fluid and it’s thick connective tissue
- help create less friction; provides a little shock absorption; lubricates the fibral cartilage to keep it happy and healthy; thick, clear fluid that contains water and protein

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11
Q

What is Cartilage?
What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Dense, fibrous connective tissue that can withstand great amounts of pressure and tension
1. Hyaline
- covers the ends of the bones where the articulation occurs is covered by the hyaline cartilage
- allows for a smooth surface to against each other
- no blood supply and no nerve supply (can’t feel it but the bones can)
- if damaged, can’t heal
2. Articular
- if damaged, can’t heal
3. Fibrocartilage
- Shock absorption, allow motion to occur
- hip and shoulder (we have a labrum - a ring of cartilage that goes around the joint to help deepen the surface and give more stability; if torn, they can’t be healed and there would be less stability)

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12
Q

What is a Tendon?
What is Aponeurosis?

A

Cross the joint and is an extension of the muscle (contractile tissue [lengthen and shorten]); it’s job is to move things

Aponeurosis: where the tendon attaches to the bone
- ex. Abdomen (2 sides of the abs attaches in the middle); latissimus dorsi has a tendon like sheath

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13
Q

What is a Bursae?

A
  • A small fluid-illegal sac or pillow; filled with synovial fluid
  • sits between the bone and tendon and helps from the tendon breaking
  • provide cushioning and shock absorption
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14
Q

What is an End Feel?

A

The sensation a clinician perceives when passively moving a patient’s joint to the end of its range of motion
- can either be normal or abnormal

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of normal end feels?

A
  1. Soft: having more tissue mass keeping the bones from touching each other
    • ex. Straightening the knee (almost hyperextending)
  2. Firm: stopped by ligaments
    • ex. Bending the knee (knee extension)
  3. Hard: hard is hard
    • ex. Straightening the elbow (elbow extension)
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16
Q

What are the 4 types of abnormal end feel?

A
  1. Boggy: fluid is keeping you from the true range; lots of fluid in the joint (all inside the capsule)
    • ex. Bending the knee
  2. Spasm: muscle is contracting and you can’t get past it; usually you can see it (a hard stop because of the restriction)
    • ex. Quad injury preventing the bend
  3. Empty: when the patient / client voices “Ouch”; when there is pain
    • ex. Provide overpressure
  4. Springy: locking up on the joint; cartilage tear within the joint (bounces back)
17
Q

The type of arthrokinematic movement occurring at a joint depends on the shape of the articulating surfaces of the bones. What are the 2 joint articular surfaces?

A
  1. Ovoid
    • 2 bones forming a concave / convex relationship
  2. Sellar / saddle
    • each side of the joint have both a concave surface in one direction and a convex surface on the other side
18
Q

Define Joint Congruency

A

How well the bones articulating with each other; amount of joint surfaces together rather than apart

19
Q

Define Open packed vs Closed packed

A

Open:
- loose packed position
- a resting position - the capsule is loose, the ligaments are hanging out (loose); not a lot of togetherness with the bones

Closed:
- ligaments and capsules have maximum articulation between the joints
- if we apply a force, you will tear something
- everything is as tight as it can be and will overstretch

20
Q

What is Arthrokinematic Motion?

A

Allow the joint full motion; we can’t make these motions occur but has to exist in order to move

21
Q

What are the 3 types o Arthrokinematic movement?

A
  1. Roll
    • a new point on the ball touches a new point on the surface
    • ex. Bending of the knee
  2. Glide
    • a single point on the surface that is moving and that touches new points
  3. Spin
    • occurs with rotation
    • a single point touches a single point and turns
    • ex. Hip joint (internal and externally rotate); shoulder joint
22
Q

What is the Concave-Convex Rule?

A

To understand how the joint works
- if we are moving the bone that is concave (inward like a cave), we are gliding in the same direction that we are moving
- if we are moving the bone that is convex, it goes in the opposite direction of the concave movement

23
Q

Define joint play

A

Little excessive movement

24
Q

Define Joint mobilizations

A

Group of clinical techniques using application of the same principles and stresses to restore joint function by lengthening soft tissue around the joint

25
Q

Define Dislocation

A

Complete separation of the articular surfaces of a joint resulting from disruption of supporting structures, the joint capsule and ligaments
- will tear tissue and it will be stretched out

26
Q

Define Subluxation

A

A partial dislocation
- joint surfaces aren’t lined up and the muscles can’t work because it’s not lined up properly
- some diagnosis, if someone has no muscle control because of a stroke

27
Q

Define Osteoarthritis

A

Caused by wear and subsequent breakdown of cartilage
- occurs more frequently with aging, with repetitive movement, and in weight-bearing joints

28
Q

Define Sprains

A

The stretching or tearing of a ligament
- 1st degree: tearing of a few ligament fibers and no loss of function
- 2nd degree: partial tearing of a ligament or capsule with some loss of function
- 3rd degree: full rupture (tearing) of a ligament, no function

29
Q

Define Strain

A

Overstretching of muscle fibers
- 1st degree: tearing a few muscle fibers and no loss of function
- 2nd degree: partial tearing of a muscle, some loss of function
- 3rd degree: full rupture (tearing) of muscle, no longer generates force

30
Q

Define Inflammation

A

A response to injury where the body knows there is an injury and sends things to inflame the process and try to fix it

31
Q

Define Tendonitis

A

Inflammation of the tendon

32
Q

Define Synovitis

A

Inflammation of the synovial membrane

33
Q

Define Tenosynovitis

A

Inflammation of the tendon sheath, caused by repetitive use

34
Q

Define Bursitis

A

Inflammation of a bursa

35
Q

Define Capsulitis

A

Inflammation of a joint capsule

36
Q

Define Capsular Pattern

A

Predicted loss of motion; predicted pattern

PTA 130 (10 decks)

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