Chapter 4

Question 1

What are organisms usually made up of?

Answer 1

Chemicals that are based mostly on the element carbon

Question 2

How many covalent bonds can carbon form?

Answer 2

Up to four covalent bonds

Question 3

How do we know the properties of an organic molecule?

Answer 3

It depends on the arrangement of the carbon skeleton and functional groups that are attached to the skeleton

Question 4

What is the definition of functional groups?

Answer 4

Groups of atoms that occur within organic molecules and give specific chemical properties to those molecules

Question 5

How are functional groups formed?

Answer 5

By chains and/or rings of carbon atoms with the occasional substitution of an element like nitrogen or oxygen

Question 6

How is an organic molecule sometimes denoted?

Answer 6

An R (everything besides the functional groups)

Question 7

How many functional groups are there?

Answer 7

7

Question 8

What are the 7 functional groups?

Answer 8

1. Hydroxyl (-OH)
2. Carbonyl (C=O)
3. Amino (-NH2)
4. Sulfhydryl (-SH)
5. Methyl (-CH3)
6. Phosphate (-OPO32-)
7. Carboxyl (-COOH)

Question 9

Which of the functional groups are hydrophobic?

Answer 9

Methyl group

Question 10

How are hydroxyl groups made?

Answer 10

Hydrogen atom binds covalently with oxygen atom, forming a polar covalent bond to the carbon skeleton (C-OH)

Question 11

What are organic compounds that are hydroxyl groups?

Answer 11

Alcohols with the names typically ending with an -ol

Question 12

How are carbonyl groups made?

Answer 12

An oxygen atom that is joined to the carbon skeleton by a double bond

Question 13

Where is the position of the carbonyl group in an aldehyde?

Answer 13

At the end of the carbon skeleton

Question 14

Where is the position of the carbonyl group in a ketone?

Answer 14

On the middle of the carbon skeleton

Question 15

How are carboxyl groups made?

Answer 15

Carbon atom forms a double bond with an oxygen atom and a single bond to a hydroxyl group

Question 16

What is the name of compounds with carboxyl group?

Answer 16

Carboxylic acid

Question 17

How are amino groups made?

Answer 17

Nitrogen atom attaches to two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton

Question 18

What are organic compounds with amino groups called?

Answer 18

Amines

Question 19

How are sulfhydryl groups made?

Answer 19

Sulfur atom bonds to a hydrogen atom and to the carbon skeleton

Question 20

What are organic molecules with sulfhydryl groups called?

Answer 20

Thiols

Question 21

How are phosphate groups made?

Answer 21

Phosphorus bound to four oxygen atoms (three with single bonds, one with a double bond)

Question 22

What is the name of organic compounds with phosphate groups?

Answer 22

Organic phosphate

Question 23

How are methyl groups formed?

Answer 23

A carbon atom that is surrounded by three hydrogen atoms

Question 24

What is the name and example of organic compounds with methyl groups?

Answer 24

Methylated compounds, like fats, oils, waxes, and hormones

Question 25

Give 4 examples of organic compounds

Answer 25

1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids

Question 26

What are monomers?

Answer 26

Small, simple molecules that are linked together to form larger molecules

Question 27

What are polymers?

Answer 27

Larger molecules that are formed by a combination of monomers

Question 28

What are larger polymers?

Answer 28

Macromolecules

Question 29

What is the meaning of condensation / dehydration?

Answer 29

A chemical process by which 2 monomers are joined together to make a larger, more complex polymer WITH the loss of water

Question 30

What is the meaning of hydrolysis?

Answer 30

A polymer is split into smaller sections (monomer) by breaking a bond, adding -H to one section and -OH to the other (addition of water)