chapter 4

Question 1

1: self-concept

Answer 1

an individuals knowledge about his or her personal qualities

Question 2

1: 3 ways people learn who they are

Answer 2

self perception theory, reaction of others, social comparison theory

Question 3

1: self perception theory

Answer 3

make inferences about personal characteristics on the basis of our behaviors, especially behaviors that are intrinsically motivated

Question 4

1: study for self perception theory

Answer 4

kids introduced to new drawing activity with fun markers, after a while, some kids received certificate for drawing, some got a certificate for no reason and others got nothing. a few weeks later, the markers were back and kids that got nothing used them more, because they were motivated by their joy of coloring

Question 5

1: reaction to others study

Answer 5

kids told that they should be tidy has less litter than kids that were told they should be tidy or those that were told nothing. when you’re labeled with a trait, you shape you’re self concept

Question 6

1: social comparison theory study

Answer 6

contrast effect-when we compare our average skills to those that are extremely good or extremely bad, we see ourselves as extremely bad or extremely good (opposite of who we’re playing). chess players

Question 7

1: which way of knowing self are most impactful for someone whose self-concepts are uncertain or are still developing

Answer 7

reaction to others

Question 8

2: counterfactual reasoning

Answer 8

thoughts about how an outcome might have turned out differently. think about the things we could have done better, might make us feel bad about self, but also suggest ways to improve next time

Question 9

2: situation in life that counterfactual reasoning was beneficial

Answer 9

in school, particlarly biology. i didn’t do very good on the first test, but i was able to figure out which parts i had the most trouble on and used that knowledge to figure out how to prepare better for the next tests

Question 10

2: situation in life that counterfactual reasoning was harmful

Answer 10

as a swim instructor. parent told me i was irresponsible and made her child a worse swimmer than when the lessons first began. in an attempt to figure out what i did differently with her child than i had been doing with the 50 other children i had taugh, i second guessed myself, and could not put my full effort and energy into my swim lessons, and i lost the enjoyment that teaching lessons had given me.