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Psychology 120 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

simple stimulation of a sense organ

A

Sensation

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2
Q

the organization, identification, and interpretation of a sensation in order to form a mental representation

A

Perception

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3
Q

when many sensors in the body convert physical signals from the environment into encoded neural signals sent to the CNS

A

Transduction

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4
Q

methods that measure the strength of a stimulus and the observer’s sensitivity to that stimulus

A

Psychophysics

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5
Q

the minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus in 50% of the trials

A

Absolute Threshold

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6
Q

the minimal change in a stimulus that can be just barely detected (also known as a difference threshold).

A

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

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7
Q

the just noticeable difference of a stimulus is a constant proportion despite variations in intensity.

A

Weber’s Law

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8
Q

the response to a stimulus depends both on a person’s sensitivity to the stimulus in the presence of noise and on a person’s decision criterion (correct responses include correct rejection and hits).

A

Signal Detection Theory

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9
Q

sensitivity to prolonged stimulation tends to decline over time as an organism adopts to current conditions

A

Sensory Adaptation

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10
Q

the ability to see fine detail

A

Visual Acuity

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11
Q

3 Properties of Light Waves

A

Length (color/hue)
Amplitude (brightness)
Purity (saturation/richness)

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12
Q

smooth outer tissue of the eye

A

Cornea

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13
Q

hole in the coloured part of the eye

A

Pupil

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14
Q

coloured part of the eye; muscle that controls the size of the pupil

A

Iris

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15
Q

layer of light sensitive tissue lining the back of the eyeball

A

Retina

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16
Q

the process which the eye maintains a clear image on the retina

A

Accommodation

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17
Q

Nearsightedness is called; when the eyeball is too long; images focused in front of the retina

A

Myopia

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18
Q

Farsightedness is called; when the eyeball is too short; images focused behind the retina

A

Hyperopia

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19
Q

Two Types of Photoreceptor Cells

A

Cones

Rods

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20
Q

photoreceptor cell that detects colour, operates under normal daylight conditions, allows us to focus on details

A

Cones

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21
Q

photoreceptor cell that becomes active under low-light conditions for night vision; more sensitive than cones; only sense shades of grey

A

Rods

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22
Q

120 million of these are distributed around each retina everywhere except the fovea

A

Rods

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23
Q

6 million of these are in the retina, packed in the fovea

A

Cones

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24
Q

an area of the retina where vision is the clearest and there are no rods

A

Fovea

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25
Q

cells that collect neural signals from the rods and cones and transmit them to the outermost layer of the retina

A

Bipolar Cells

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26
Q

neurons that organize signals from rods and cones and send them to the brain

A

Retinal Ganglion Cells (RCGs)

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27
Q

a bundle of 1.5 million retinal ganglion cells that leave the eye through a hole in the retina.

A

Optic Nerve

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28
Q

a location in the visual field that produces no sensation on the retina

A

Blind Spot

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29
Q

part of the occipital lobe; also called the primary visual cortex

A

Area V1

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30
Q

the rainbow of hues and accompanying wavelengths

A

Visible Spectrum

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31
Q

Three Types of Cones

A

Red - long wavelength
Green - medium wavelength
Blue - short wavelength

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32
Q

a genetic disorder where one of the cone types is missing (or two or even three)

A

Colour Deficiency

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33
Q

staring too long at one colour, fatiguing the cones that respond to that colour

A

Colour Afterimage

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34
Q

pairs of visual neurons work in opposition (red-sensitive against green-sensitive, blue-sensitive against yellow-sensitive).

A

Colour-opponent System

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35
Q

two distinct pathways that project from the occipital cortex to visual areas in other parts of the brain

A

Visual Streams

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36
Q

a visual stream that travels across the occipital lobe into lower levels of the temporal lobes; includes brain areas representing an object’s shape and identity; a “what” pathway

A

Ventral Stream

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37
Q

a visual stream that travels up from the occipital lobe to the parietal lobes (and some of middle and upper temporal lobes); connects with brain areas identifying location and motion of an object; “where” pathway, should be called the “how” pathway.

A

Dorsal Stream

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38
Q

the inability to recognize objects by sight

A

Visual Form Agnosia

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39
Q

the brain’s capacity to perform many activities at the same time.

A

Parallel Processing

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40
Q

how the brain links features together so that we see unified objects in our visual world rather than free-floating or miscombined features.

A

Binding Problem

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41
Q

a perceptual mistake whereby the brain incorrectly combines features from multiple objects

A

Illusory Conjunction

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42
Q

focused attention is not required to detect the individual features that make up a stimulus, such as the colour, shape, size, and location of letters, but is required to bind those individual features together.

A

Feature-integration Theory

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43
Q

a view that argues that we have feature detectors to aid in visual perception, face detectors, building detectors

A

Modular View

44
Q

a view that argues the pattern of activity across multiple brain regions that identifies any viewed object

A

Distributed Representation

45
Q

a principle that states that even as aspects of sensory signals change, perception remains consistent

A

Perceptual Constancy

46
Q

Gestalt Perceptual Grouping Rules

A 
Simplicity
Closure
Continuity
Similarity
Proximity
Common Fate
47
Q

a basic rule in science is that the simplest explanation is usually the best

A

Simplicity

48
Q

we tend to fill in missing elements of a visual scene, allowing us to perceive edges that are separated by gaps as belonging to complete objects

A

Closure

49
Q

edges or contours that have the same orientation have good continuation

A

Continuity

50
Q

regions that are similar in colour, lightness, shape, or texture are perceived as belonging to the same object

A

Similarity

51
Q

objects that are close together tend to be grouped together

A

Proximity

52
Q

elements of a visual image that move together are perceived as parts of a single moving object

A

Common Fate

53
Q

an object recognition theory where an object you have seen before is stored in memory as a template, and your memory compares the templates with the current retinal image and selects the template that most closely matches the current image

A

Image-based Object Recognition Theory

54
Q

a mental representation that can be directly compared to a viewed shape in the retinal image

A

Template

55
Q

an object recognition theory where the brain deconstructs objects we see into a collection of parts

A

Parts-based Object Recognition Theory

56
Q

aspects of a scene that yield information about depth when viewed with only one eye; rely on the relationship between distance and size

A

Monocular Depth Cues

57
Q

Different Monocular Depth Cues

A 
Familiar Size
Relative Size
Linear Perspective
Texture Gradient
Interposition
Relative Height in the Image
58
Q

the difference in the retinal images of the two eyes that provides information about depth

A

Binocular Disparity

59
Q

errors of perception, memory, or judgement in which subjective experience differs from objective reality

A

Illusions

60
Q

a famous illusion where a room in a trapezoidal shape makes you perceive an object that is farther away as larger. Two people of the same height will appear different

A

Ames Room

61
Q

perception of movement as a result of alternating signals appearing in rapid succession in different locations.

A

Apparent Motion

62
Q

when people fail to detect changes to the visual details of a scene

A

Change Blindness

63
Q

a failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention

A

Inattentional Blindness

64
Q

how often the peak in air pressure passes the ear; measured in cycles/sec (Hz); corresponds with pitch

A

Frequency (wavelength)

65
Q

how high or low a sound is

A

Pitch

66
Q

the height of a sound wave relative to the threshold for human hearing; corresponds to loudness

A

Amplitude

67
Q

a sound’s intensity

A

Loudness

68
Q

sound waves’ mix of frequency; corresponds to timbre

A

Complexity

69
Q

a listener’s experience of sound quality or resonance

A

Timbre

70
Q

3 Parts of the Human Ear

A

Outer Ear
Middle Ear
Inner Ear

71
Q

part of the human ear that collects sound waves and funnels them towards the middle ear; consists of the pinna, auditory canal, and the eardrum

A

Outer Ear

72
Q

visible part of the ear on the outside of the head

A

Pinna

73
Q

part of the human ear that transmits vibrations to the inner ear; behind the eardrum; contains the 3 smallest bones in the body (hammer, anvil, stirrup); transmits and intensifies vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear

A

Middle Ear

74
Q

part of the human ear that transduce vibrations into neural impulses; consists of the cochlea

A

Inner Ear

75
Q

fluid filled tube that is the organ of auditory transduction in the ear

A

Cochlea

76
Q

a structure in the inner ear that undulates when vibrations from the ossicles reach the cochlear fluid

A

Basilar Membrane

77
Q

specialized auditory receptor neurons embedded in the basilar membrane which release neurotransmitter molecules

A

Hair Cells

78
Q

an area of the cerebral cortex where action potentials travel to; also called the primary auditory cortex

A

Area A1

79
Q

the auditory feature that allows you to locate the source of a sound

A

Spatial Auditory Feature

80
Q

an auditory feature that allows identification of sounds

A

Non-spatial Auditory Feature

81
Q

the frequencies our ears are most sensitive to

A

1000-3500 Hz

82
Q

Two Mechanisms to Encode Soundwave Frequency

A

The Place Code

The Temporal Code

83
Q

different frequencies stimulate neural signals at specific places along the basilar membrane; used for high frequencies

A

The Place Code

84
Q

the process where the cochlea registers low frequencies via the firing rate of action potentials entering the auditory nerve

A

Temporal Code

85
Q

Two Main Causes of Hearing Loss

A

Conductive Hearing Loss

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

86
Q

the type of hearing loss where the eardrum or ossicles are damaged and cannot conduct sound waves effectively to the cochlea, but the cochlea is normal

A

Conductive Hearing Loss

87
Q

the type of hearing loss where there is damage to the cochlea, the hair cells, or the auditory nerve; happens to most people when they age

A

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

88
Q

an electronic device that replaces the function of hair cells and may partially restore hearing

A

Cochlear Implant

89
Q

active exploration of the environment by touching and grasping objects with our hands.

A

Haptic Perception

90
Q

rare inherited disorder, impairs pain perception, children are at an increased risk of dying during childhood because they will do things to harm themselves without knowing (scratching so hard that they gouge into their skin).

A

Congenital Insensitivity to Pain

91
Q

pain that has persisted after the time it takes tissue to heal and is without apparent biological value; feeling too much pain

A

Chronic Pain

92
Q

sensory information from internal and external areas converge on the same nerve cells in the spinal cord

A

Referred Pain

93
Q

the theory that signals arriving from pain receptors in the body can be stopped or gated by interneurons in the spinal cord via feedback from two directions

A

Gate-control Theory of Pain

94
Q

a region of the midbrain where neural feedback comes from

A

Periaqueductal Grey (PAG)

95
Q

the three fluid filled semicircular canals and adjacent organs located next to the cochlea in each inner ear

A

Vestibular System

96
Q

smell is called

A

Olfaction

97
Q

taste is called

A

Gustation

98
Q

smell and taste combine to produce

A

Flavour

99
Q

receptor cells initiating the sense of smell (ORNs).

A

Olfactory Receptor Neurons

100
Q

a brain structure located above the nasal cavity beneath the frontal lobes

A

Olfactory Bulb

101
Q

biochemical odourants emitted by other members of its species that can affect the animal’s behaviour or physiology

A

Pheromones

102
Q

small bumps on the tongue that consist of 100s of taste buds

A

papillae

103
Q

the organs of taste transduction; mouth contains 5000-10 000; each of these contain 50-100 taste receptor cells

A

taste buds

104
Q

5 Primary Taste Sensations

A 
Salt
Sour
Bitter
Sweet
Umami (savoury)
105
Q

another taste sensation considered as fat

A

Oleogustus

106
Q

replaced introspection

A

psychophysics

Psychology 120 (4 decks)

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