Chapter 4

Question 1

Bandwidth

Answer 1

Bandwidth is the capacity of a medium to carry data. Digital bandwidth measures the amount of data that can flow from one place to another in a given amount of time. Bandwidth is typically measured in kilobits per second (kb/s), megabits per second (Mb/s),

Question 2

Throughput

Answer 2

Throughput is the measure of the transfer of bits across the media over a given period of time.

Question 3

Goodput

Answer 3

There is a third measurement to assess the transfer of usable data that is known as goodput. Goodput is the measure of usable data transferred over a given period of time. Goodput is throughput minus traffic overhead

Question 4

design of fiber cables

Answer 4

see pic

Question 5

Single-mode fiber (SMF):

Answer 5

Consists of a very small core and uses expensive laser technology to send a single ray of light, as shown in Figure 1. Popular in long-distance situations spanning hundreds of kilometers, such as those required in long haul telephony and cable TV applications.

Question 6

Multimode fiber (MMF):

Answer 6

Multimode fiber (MMF): Consists of a larger core and uses LED emitters to send light pulses. Specifically, light from an LED enters the multimode fiber at different angles, as shown in Figure 2. Popular in LANs because they can be powered by low-cost LEDs. It provides bandwidth up to 10 Gb/s over link lengths of up to 550 meters.

Question 7

Three common types of fiber-optic termination and splicing errors are:

Answer 7

Misalignment: The fiber-optic media are not precisely aligned to one another when joined.
End gap: The media does not completely touch at the splice or connection.
End finish: The media ends are not well polished, or dirt is present at the termination.

Question 8

The data link layer of the OSI model (Layer 2), as shown in Figure 1, is responsible for:

Answer 8

Allowing the upper layers to access the media
Accepting Layer 3 packets and packaging them into frames
Preparing network data for the physical network
Controlling how data is placed and received on the media
Exchanging frames between nodes over a physical network media, such as UTP or fiber-optic
Receiving and directing packets to an upper layer protocol
Performing error detection

Question 9

Logical Link Control (LLC)

Answer 9

This upper sublayer communicates with the network layer. It places information in the frame that identifies which network layer protocol is being used for the frame. This information allows multiple Layer 3 protocols, such as IPv4 and IPv6, to utilize the same network interface and media.

Question 10

Media Access Control (MAC)

Answer 10

This lower sublayer defines the media access processes performed by the hardware. It provides data link layer addressing and access to various network technologies.

Question 11

frame parts

Answer 11

see pic