Chapter 4

Question 1

Herodotus

Answer 1

Heir to the technique of “historia”developed by Greeks in the late Archaic period.
Came from a community in Anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands.
Traced the antecedents and chronicled the wars between the Greek city states and the Persian empire
Originated the Western tradition of historical writing

Question 2

Pericles

Answer 2

Aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens
Supervised the construction of the Acropolis
Pursued a policy of imperial expansion that led to the Peloponnesian War
Formulated a strategy of attribution
Died of the plague early in the war

Question 3

Cyrus

Answer 3

Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire
Conquered Media, Lydia and Babylon
Revered in the traditions of Iran and subject peoples
Employed Persians and Medes in his administration
Respected the institutions and beliefs of subject peoples

Question 4

Darius I

Answer 4

Third ruler of the Persian Empire
Crushed widespread initial resistance to his rule
Gave all major posts to Persians rather than to Medes
Established a system of provinces and tribute
Began construction of Persepolis
Extended the Persian empire to Pakistan and northern Greece

Question 5

Satrap

Answer 5

Governor of a province in the Persian empire
Often a relative of the king
Responsible for the protection of the province and for forwarding tribute to the central administration
In outlying provinces, lots of autonomy

Question 6

Persepolis

Answer 6

Complex of palaces, recreation halls, and treasury buildings
Built by Darius and Xerxes
In the Persian homeland
Believed that the New Year’s Celebration was held here, along with coronations, weddings, and funerals of kings
Kings were buried in nearby cliff tombs

Question 7

Zoroastrianism

Answer 7

Religion originating in Iran
Official religion of the Persian empire
Smile benevolent deity, Ahuramazda, who engaged in a struggle with demonic forces before prevailing and restoring a pristine world
Emphasized truth telling, purity, and reverence for nature

Question 8

Polis

Answer 8

Greek term for a city-state, an urban center and the agricultural territory under its control.
Characteristic form of political organization in central and southern Greece in the Archaic and Classical periods

Seem were oligarchic, some were democratic depending n the powers delegated to the Council and the Assembly

Question 9

Hoplite

Answer 9

A heavily armored Greek infantryman
Archaic and Classical
Fought in close packed phalanx formation
Militias of upper and middle class citizens
Supplied their own equipment
Centuries superior to other armies

Question 10

Tyrant

Answer 10

Someone who seized and held power in violation of the normal procedures and traditions of the community
Many appeared in the poli during the sixth and vents centuries
Took advantage of the disaffection of the emerging middle class
Weakened the old elite
Contributed to the evolution of democracy

Question 11

Democracy

Answer 11

System of government in which all “citizens” have equal political and legal rights, privileges, and protections
Athens

Question 12

Sacrifice

Answer 12

A gift given to a deity
Often to create a relationship or gain favor
Obligating the god to provide some benefit to the sacrificer
Sometimes in order to sustain the deity and thereby guarantee the continuing vitality of the natural world

Question 13

Persian Wars

Answer 13

Conflicts between Greek poli and Persian empire
Ionian Revolt 499-494 BC
Darius’s punitive expedition that failed at Marathon 490BC
Xerxes’ large armies’ invasion of Greece defeated by Spartan led Hellenic League
First major setback for Persian empire
Launched Greeks into their period of greatest cultural productivity
Chronicled by Herodotus in the first “history” in the Western tradition

Question 14

Trireme

Answer 14

Greek and Phoenician warships of the fifth and sixth century
Sleek and light
Powered by 170 oarsmen arranged in three vertical tiers
Manned by skilled sailors
Capable of short bursts of speed and complex maneuvers

Question 15

Socrates

Answer 15

Athenian philosopher
Shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of the natural world to ethics and human behavior
Attracted disciplines from elite families
Made enemies by revealing the ignorance and pretensions of others
Tried and executed by forced suicide by the Athenian state

Question 16

Peloponnesian War

Answer 16

431-404
A protracted and costly conflict between Athenian and Spartan alliance systems that convulsed most of the Greek world
Largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism
The naval empire if Athens allowed them to fight a war of attribution
Ultimately Sparta prevailed because of Athenian errors and Persian financial support

Question 17

Alexander the Great

Answer 17

King of Macedonia in Northern Greece
Between 334 and 323 he conquered the Persian Empire and went all the way to the Indus valley
Founded many Greek style cities
Spread Greek culture across the Middle East

Question 18

Hellenistic Age

Answer 18

Era of 323-30 bc
Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeast Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great
Period ended with the fall of the last Hellenistic kingdom to Rome
Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam in 800 AD

Question 19

Ptolemies

Answer 19

Macedonian dynasty
Descended from one of Alexander the Great’s officers
Ruled Egypt during the Hellenistic Age
Capital at Alexandria on the coast if the Mediterranean Sea
Used the system created by the pharaohs to extract wealth from the land
Rewarded Greeks and Hellenized non-Greeks serving in the military and administration

Question 20

Alexandria

Answer 20

Founded in Egypt by Alexander the Great
Capital of the Ptolemies
Contained a library, lighthouse, and museum
Center of scientific and literary figures
Engaged in trade with the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean