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History: Russia > Chapter 4: National Minorities > Flashcards

Chapter 4: National Minorities Flashcards

1
Q

What were the results of the 1863 Polish revolt?

A

Poland was under the direct control of Russia, fully in the hands of Milyutin.
Polish nobility were exiled to Siberia
Polish peasants were emancipated & gained favourable terms (better than in Russia)
Rural district councils were set up (zemstva)

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2
Q

What were the main national minority groups?

A

Polish, Finnish, Caucasians, Central Asia, Far East, Baltics, Jews, Ukranians

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3
Q

What was a common theme across all leaders regarding national minorities?

A

They all wished to Russify the minority groups

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4
Q

What caused the Polish Revolt 1863?

A

Rise in Polish Nationalism
Attempts to draft Polish men into the Russian army

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5
Q

Who was Alexander Wielopolski?

A

Prime Minister of Poland in 1862 - accepted Russian rule

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6
Q

Why was Wielopolski unpopular with nationalists?

A

He was viewed as a Tsarist lapdog

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7
Q

How long did the Polish revolt last?

A

January 1863 - Spring 1864

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8
Q

Who was Jaroslav Dabrowski?

A

A polish general who led the rebels during the Polish revolt

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9
Q

What effects did the Milyutin plan have on Poland?

A

The level of nationalism diminished
Russian became the official language
Catholic Church was not allowed to communicate with the Vatican

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10
Q

What was the impact of WW1 on Russo-Polish relations?

A

By September 1915, Russia had to give up jurisdiction over Poland due to German advances.

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11
Q

What was the effect of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on Poland?

A

They gained full independence

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12
Q

When was the Russo-Polish war?

A

1920

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13
Q

What were the terms of the Russo-Polish armistice in 1920?

A

Lenin agreed to leave Poland alone and recognise their independence from Russian rule.

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14
Q

What events in Russo-Polish relations happened during the leadup to WW2?

A

The neutrality pact between Russia & Germany, and the annulment of the Polish non-aggression treaty.
This meant Russia would not oppose any germany invasion of Poland.
The Nazi-Soviet non agression pact agreed Russia would not stop Hitler’s invasion of Poland.

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15
Q

When was the Nazi-Soviet non-agression pact?

A

1939

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16
Q

What was the impact of WW2 on Russo-Polish relations?

A

The Polish government fled to London
The Lublin poles were set up as a puppet government in Poland

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17
Q

What was the Katyn Forest massacre?

A

The NKVD killed 4231 Polish officers in a forest near Smolensk in 1940.
The Russians blamed the Germans for the massacre.

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18
Q

What were the Lublin Poles?

A

Set up as the National Liberation Committee (NLC), formed to administer Warsaw when the Russians took it back.

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19
Q

What was agreed over Poland at the conferences?

A

Roosevelt and Churchill acquised, and the western border of Poland was moved at Stalin’s request.

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20
Q

What party led the Polish government in 1947?

A

Polish Worker’s Party

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21
Q

What were the landmarks of the set-up of the Polish puppet government?

A

1947 - Provisional constitution set up: established council of state
1948 - PPR was the only party available to vote for (one party state)
1950 - over 30,000 workers went on strike and were rounded up in camps
1952 - New constitution: renamed People’s Republic of Poland; Soviet style government complete

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22
Q

What was Khrushchev’s approach to Poland?

A

He allowed Gomulka to take leadership in Poland, and forced out the Stalinist leader.
Catholic Church was allowed to teach religion in school
Peasants could leave collective farms to set up smallholdings

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23
Q

What was Russification?

A

The process whereby non-Russian regions were drawn more securely into the Empire.

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24
Q

What is considered to be the event that started Russification?

A

The Polish Revolt 1863

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25
Q

What did the Communists do to further Russification?

A

Set up constitutions that established a federal government within the Empire

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26
Q

What did the 1918 Constitution do?

A

Set up the RSFSR
(Russia with parts of Central Asia, notably Kazkhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenia)

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27
Q

What did the 1924 Constitution do?

A

Formally created the Federal Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
Republics of Ukraine, Belorussia and Transcaucasia had joined the RSFSR in 1922
Republics were given devolved government, but it was answerable to Sovnarkom

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28
Q

What did the 1936 constitution do?

A

Created a system that allowed republics to (in theory) secede from the USSR.

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29
Q

What did Khrushchev do with Russification?

A

Returned to a similar style as Lenin

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30
Q

What repression was used on Minorities under the Tsars?

A

A mixture of reforms to appease & military force.

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31
Q

What repression was used on Minorities under the Communists?

A

Promised reforms, but relied more heavily on repressive measures. For example, Stalin ordered swathes of minority groups to be deported when Russia was invaded in 1941, accusing their governments of collaboration.

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32
Q

What demands were conceded to Finland before Nicholas II?

A

Given a Diet in 1863
Given a constitution in 1865

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33
Q

Who did Nicholas II appoint as governor general of Finland?

A

Nikolei Bobrikov

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34
Q

What reforms did Bobrikov undertake in Finland?

A

Finland’s seperate army was disbanded
The Finnish state secretariat was abandoned

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35
Q

What happened in Finland in 1904?

A

Bobrikov was assassinated by terrorists

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36
Q

What was given to Finland in 1905?

A

Independence - reneged on by Stolypin in the same year

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37
Q

What did the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk do for Finland?

A

Gave them full independence from Russia

38
Q

What did Finland do after WW1?

A

Established and consilidated a republican-style government under Kaarlo Stahlberg.

39
Q

What was the Pork Mutiny of 1922?

A

A group of Red Guards crossed the border to Poland, and offered money to finnish workers who joined the batallion.

40
Q

When was the Winter War?

A

November 1939 - March 1940

41
Q

What caused the Winter War?

A

Finland refused to let Stalin put military bases in Finnish territory. He responded by bombing Helsinki.

42
Q

How many Soviet deaths were caused by the Winter War?

A

50,000

43
Q

What was the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance?

A

A treaty which stipulated that Russia & the Finns would leave each other alone.

44
Q

When was the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance signed?

A

1948

45
Q

What happened to the Baltic states under the Tsars?

A

Russians migrated to the area due to stability and prosperity, so Russification naturally followed. The Tsars took very little direct action.

46
Q

What happened to the Baltic states under the Communists?

A

Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were annexxed in WW2.
There were mass deportations in all the Baltic regions in the later years of WW2, due to suspicion of Nazi collaborators.

47
Q

What happened to the Ukranians under the Tsars?

A

Alexander II issued decrees banning the publication and import of books written in Ukranian.
Alexander III and Nicholas continued russification in a similar vein.

48
Q

What happened to Ukraine as a result of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

A

They gained full independence

49
Q

What happened to Ukranians under the Communists?

A

They were reinvaded during the Russian Civil War.
Ukranian farmers were treated worse than other farmers, due to Ukraine’s importance as a grain producer.
Many Ukranians were executed or deported during WW2, accused of being Nazi collaborators.

50
Q

What happened to the Caucasians under the Tsars?

A

The Dashnaks & the Georgian Mensheviks raised militias to rebel against Russian rule.

51
Q

When did Georgia gain independence?

A

1920, but it was quickly reinvaded in 1921.

52
Q

What happened to the Caucasians under the Communists?

A

Stalin tried to amalgamate Georgia with Armenia & Azerbaijan, and his representative in Georgia attacked a communist leader in Georgia, making Lenin comdemn Stalin’s approach to the Georgian issue.

53
Q

What happened to the Jews under Alexander II?

A

They were freed from the Pale and allowed to live where they liked.

54
Q

What happened to the Jews under Alexander III?

A

They were sent back to the Pale, and were heavily persecuted.

55
Q

What was the Holy League?

A

An anti-semetic group under Alexander III.

56
Q

What did the Holy League do to Jews in the Pale?

A

Organised a mini-pogrom, called ‘Little Thunder’.

57
Q

What happened to the Jews under Nicholas II?

A

He continued the anti-semetic practices of his father, but they were allowed to sit in the Duma.

58
Q

What happened to the Jews under the Communists?

A

More ‘special’ settlements were set up for them
Open ban on the Jewish religion by WW2
15 Jewish leaders tried & executed as a result of the Doctor’s plot
Consistently bad treatment from all leaders

59
Q

How many Crimean Tartars (Caucasian group) were deported in 1943?

A

155,000

60
Q

What were the main two reasons for Russian expansion into central asia?

A

Attempts to turn Central Asia into a colony to provide Russia with raw materials
Attempts to spread Russian influence over the Far East

61
Q

What regions of central asia did the Soviet government have control of by 1940?

A

Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan.

62
Q

What were the main motives for taking central asia?

A

Provide living & working space for large numbers of Russian peasants
Serve the raw material needs of the textile factories in Russia
Create a prospect of further expansion towards Afghanistan, India, and China.

63
Q

Was Central Asia Russified?

A

No - both Tsars & Communists thought Russification was unachievable.

64
Q

What happened to the Central Asians under the Tsars?

A

There were consistent attempts to exploit for living space, raw materials, and the textile industry.
1891 - Steppe Statute
1910 - Stolypin’s migrations
Respect for Muslim traditions - Muslim Revolt made sure they weren’t conscripted in WW1

65
Q

What was the Steppe Statute 1891?

A

Granted peasant settlers 40 acres of land - enough to establish a successful farm unit

66
Q

What were Stolypin’s migrations?

A

Land belonging to natives was expropriated to make way for Stolypin’s mass migration to the area

67
Q

What was the All-Russian Muslim League?

A

A group that appeared in the first Duma to gain representation for Muslim peoples.

68
Q

What happened to the Central Asians under the Communists?

A

Exploited for resources & land
Dumping ground for deportations - eased off under Khrushchev
Region exploited via Virgin Lands Scheme

69
Q

What was the main area in Central Asia used for deportations?

A

South Kazakhstan

70
Q

What was ‘On the Rehabilitation of Deported Peoples’?

A

A decree issued by Khrushchev in 1957 that allowed many groups who had been deported to return to their homelands.

71
Q

What happened which led to the Russians securing the Amur Basin?

A

The Chinese were forced to sign two treaties which gave russia not only the Amur basin but also access to the Pacific.

72
Q

Who was the main rival to Russia in the Far East?

A

Japan

73
Q

What did Russia do in 1894 when Japan attacked China?

A

Signed a defensive treaty with China, which allowed them to construct the Chinese-Eastern Railway to Manchuria.

74
Q

What was the main value of Manchuria?

A

Mineral deposits

75
Q

What was the result of the Boxer Rebellion for Russia?

A

They solidifed their power in Manchuria. Japan offered to let them stay in Manchuria if they were allowed to go into Korea, but the Russians refused and this led to the Russo-Japanese War.

76
Q

What caused Russian attention to be diverted from the Far East?

A

Wars - WW1, Civil War

77
Q

What party dominated the Chinese Government from 1917 to 37?

A

The Kuomintang (KMT)

78
Q

Who did the Soviets sign a peace treaty with in 1924?

A

Sun Yat-sen, leader of the KMT.

79
Q

Which party did the Soviets support in China?

A

The KMT (not the CCP)

80
Q

When was the Treaty of Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance signed?

A

November 1949

81
Q

What changed in Sino-Soviet relations under Khrushchev?

A

The Sino-Soviet split caused worsening relations

82
Q

What was the issue surrounding Korea during the Cold War?

A

The USSR was seen to have encouraged Kim Il sung to inavde the South.

83
Q

What countries did the Soviets control as Satellite states after WW2?

A

Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Poland, Albania, and East Germany.

84
Q

What speech heightened East-West tensions at the beginning of the Cold War?

A

The Iron Curtain Speech 1946

85
Q

What did the Soviets do to the satellite states?

A

Set up puppet governments, and put them under influence of Soviety policy (colectivised agriculture, 5-year plans, etc)

86
Q

What was set up in 1955 for ‘collective security’?

A

The Warsaw Pact

87
Q

What happened to Yugoslavia under the USSR?

A

Yugoslavia was not under USSR control - Tito refused to take orders from Moscow
Stalin tried to have him assassinated, but failed multiple times.

88
Q

What happened to Germany under the USSR?

A

Split into two halves - West and East.
East Germany was taken over by the Soviets.
Berlin Blockade 1948 and Berlin Wall 1961 were attempts to flush the West out of West Berlin.
USSR extracted reparations out of East Germany after WW2.

89
Q

What happened to Hungary under the USSR?

A

The Hungarian Uprising in 1956 was brutally supressed - 30,000 troops were sent in & the rebellion cost 10,000 lives
Imre Nagy put on trial & executed
Hungarian leader Matyas Rakosi installed

90
Q

What happened to Czechoslovakia under the USSR?

A

Foreign Minister Jan Masaryk was assassinated 1948 after he criticised decision not to allow Marshall Aid.
Gottwald elected freely 1946 - minority government
USSR forcibly took over in 1948 & installed Gottwald

91
Q

What happened to Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania under the USSR?

A

They were all taken over with minimal opposition

History: Russia (4 decks)

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