Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Psych > Chapter 4 – Sensation & Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 4 – Sensation & Perception Flashcards

0
Q

Perception

A

Interpretation of sensory info (relies on experience)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Sensation

A

Receiving information from the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Threshold

A

Limits of perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The least amount of info needed for you to understand that the stimulus is actually present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Difference threshold

A

The amount of stimulus needed to determine that there has been a change in a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Just – noticeable difference

A

The amount of difference that actually exists in detection; the size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Weber’s law

A

The rule that a constant percentage of magnitude change is necessary to detect the difference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Signal detection

A

Signals are always embedded in noise, and so the challenge is to distinguish the signal from the noise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Noise

A

Distracting things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sensitivity

A

Lower threshold for distinguishing a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bias

A

Willingness to report a stimulu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Signal detection table

A

Report(+)-Present(+) = HIT
Report(+)-Present(-) = False Alarm
Report(-) -Present(+) = MISS
Report(-) -Present(-) = Correct Rejection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

D’

A

The difference of how discriminable of the two distributions are; distance between two means

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does D’ change?

A

D’ is large if distr. are very discriminable

D’ is small when they are not very discriminable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

When your body quickly adjust to account for rapidly changing stimulus; going to a dark place/catching a ball

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cornea

A

The thin layer covering the outside of the eye that is responsible for bending light ways to help focus the waves on the back of the .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sclera

A

The white part of the eye; provides nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Iris

A

The colored part of the eye; muscle that controls size of pupil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pupil

A

Hole that controls amount of ambient light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lens

A

A structure that works with cornea to bend light so it falls onto the fovea; changes shape to help focus stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Retina

A

The structure most responsible for visual acuity; contains the actual photoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Rods

A

Found in the periphery of the retina; darks/lights/black and whites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cones

A

Center of the retina; color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

fovea

A

The center of greatest visual acuity located in the center of the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Bipolar cells

A

The first layer of cells directly in front of the retina; translate info from rods/cones into ganglion cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Ganglion cells

A

Transfer optic impulses down towards optic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Blind spot

A

The point where the optic nerve exits the eye; no Rods/cones = no vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Optic nerve

A

Large bundle of nerve fibers carrying impulses from the retina into the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Optic chiasmus

A

Connects images from the correct hemispheres of each eyeball and send info to thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Thalamus

A

Send signals to occipital lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Corrects visual perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Start with sensory receptors and work your way up to higher – level processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Top – down processing

A

Start with experiences and expectations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Selective attention

A

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Selective inattention

A

Ignoring other stimuli so we can focus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Unintentional blindness

A

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere; Gorilla suit test video

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Change blindness

A

Failing to notice a change in the environment (a form of an attentional blindness)

37
Q

Choice blindness

A

Subject fails to detect conspicuous mismatches between their intended choice and the item presented

38
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time; thresholds vary with age

39
Q

Subliminal

A

Below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

40
Q

Priming

A

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response

41
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of one form of energy into another

42
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance between wave peaks

43
Q

Hue

A

Dimension of color; determined by wavelength

44
Q

Intensity

A

Amount of energy in wave; brightness/loudness (amplitude)

45
Q

Soundwaves

A

Vibrations of molecules that very in amplitude and frequency

46
Q

Pitch

A

How high or low a sound seems measured in hertz

47
Q

Loudness

A

Strength of sound measured in decibels

48
Q

Sound

A

A psychological event that causes the interpretations of soundwaves to be heard

49
Q

If a tree falls in the forest and no one is around does it make a sound

A

Nope

50
Q

Frequency theory

A

Higher frequency = greater neural fire

51
Q

Place theory

A

Different frequency activate different places along the basilar membrane

52
Q

Tonotopic organization

A

Different sounds activate different regions and the primary Auditory cortex

53
Q

Auditory scene analysis

A

Similar to distinguishing figure from ground and visual field; similar to gestalts

54
Q

Categorical perception

A

Ability to group sounds automatically by category

55
Q

Difference in phase

A

Soundwaves reach each year at different parts in the wave cycle

56
Q

Difference in loudness

A

Sounds are louder in one ear than the other

57
Q

Onset difference

A

Is sound will reach each year at a slightly different time

58
Q

Phonemic restoration effect

A

The “filling in” effect when it is different to hear part of a word or phrase

59
Q

Dichotic listening

A

Side to side listening

60
Q

Musical imagery

A

Occurs when the brain areas that are used in hearing are activated from stored memories

61
Q

Figure ground relationship

A

Figure – main element of a scene that clearly stands out

Ground – less distinct background of the scene

62
Q

Law of similarity

A

States that there’s a tendency to perceive objects of a similar size, shape, or color as a unit or figure

63
Q

Law of proximity

A

States that there is a tendency to perceive objects that are physically close to one another as a single unit

64
Q

Law of closure

A

States that there is a tendency to fill in the gaps in a incomplete image; The wheel of fortune

65
Q

Law of continuity

A

States that marks that follow along a smooth curve or straight-line tend to be grouped together.

  • – — _ _ _
66
Q

Law of good form

A

Marks that form single shapes tend to be grouped together

67
Q

Depth perception

A

The ability to perceive three-dimensional space and to accurately judge distance

68
Q

Aerial depth cues

A

Distant objects often appear hazy/blurred compared to other objects that are close

69
Q

Relative side

A

It’s two or more objects are assuming to be similar in size the object that appears larger is perceived as being closer and the object that is smaller is perceived as being farther away

70
Q

Motion parallax

A

As you move, you use the speed of passing objects to estimate the distance of the objects

71
Q

Accommodation

A

The process by which the eyes lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina

72
Q

Feature detectors

A

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

73
Q

Parallel processing

A

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; natural way of processing info for the brain; contrast to serial processing of computers

74
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

Says retina has three different color receptors – one sensitive to red, one sensitive to green, one sensitive to blue – which when stimulated together can produce any color

75
Q

Opponent – process theory

A

Says opposing retinal processes (red – green, yellow – blue, white – black) enable color vision; Some cells stimulate green and inhibit read while some stimulate red and inhibit green

76
Q

Color deficient vision

A

Color blindness

77
Q

Audition

A

The sense of or act of hearing (sound)

78
Q

Conduction hearing loss

A

Hearing loss caused by damage to mechanical system that conducts soundwaves to the cochlea

79
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Caused by damage to cochleal receptors or auditory nerves (nerve deafness)

80
Q

Cochlear implant

A

Converts sound into electrical impulses and stimulates auditory nerve via electrode threaded into cochlea

81
Q

Kinesthesis

A

The system for sensing position and movement of individual body parts

82
Q

Vestibular sense

A

The sense of body movement and position, Including balance

83
Q

Gate – control theory

A

Spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks and let’s pass pain signals; gate is open by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is close by activity in larger nerve fibers or by info coming from brain

84
Q

Sensory interaction

A

The principle that one sends me influence another, as one smell may influence taste

85
Q

Visual cliff

A

A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

86
Q

Phi phenomenon

A

An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

87
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

Perceiving objects as unchanging (having constant size, shape, lightness, color) even as illumination and retinal images change

88
Q

Color constancy

A

Perceiving familiar objects as having constant color even in changing light that changes reflected wavelength’s

89
Q

Perceptual set

A

A mental predisposition to receive the one thing and not another

90
Q

Extra sensory perception(ESP)

A

The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy clairvoyancy and precognition

91
Q

Parapsychology

A

The study of paranormal phenomenon, including ESP and psychokinesis

AP Psych (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions