CHAPTER 4: Surveys and Interviews

Question 1

Use a way of obtaining information about people’s opinions, attitudes, preferences, and behaviors simply by asking.

• Allows us to gather data about experiences feelings thoughts, and
  motives, that are hard to observe directly

Answer 1

Survey

Question 2

questionnaires are tools, while interviews are the means of communicating the various items in the
questionnaire.

Answer 2

Questionnaire

Question 3

is a research project all by itself, with steps that need to be followed to ensure that valid information is gathered and that the questions are really asking what the researcher intended to ask.

Answer 3

Constructing Survey

Question 4

must be answered by one of a limited number of alternatives. This is the easiest to quantify.

(e.g. Do you smoke?, On a scale of 1-10 how much do you like Taylor Swift?)

Answer 4

Closed Questions (structured)

Question 5

solicit opinions and feelings by asking the questions in such a way that the person must respond with more than a “yes or no”. It describes verbatimly.

(e.g. Why do you prefer detergent over liquid?) .

Answer 5

Open-ended Questions

Question 6

quantifying answers to open questions must be designed to evaluate and categorize the content of each answer.

Answer 6

Content Analysis

Question 7

ask responses about two (or more) different ideas in the same question which should be avoided.

(e.g. Do you like strawberries and cream? (vice versa) that prevents you from answering the question.

Answer 7

Double-Barreled Question

Question 8

they contain emotion-laden words, being radical or racist should be avoided.

(e.g. What can you say about the “Black people ‘’ terror attack on the “whites’ in Wisconsin?, Most people favor the use of reproductive pills. What do you think?)

• To avoid bias, it is better to mention all possible alternatives or to mention none.

Answer 8

Leading or Loaded Questions

Question 9

starting from the most general questions and moving towards the most specific questions pertaining to a given topic. This is also good in qualitative research.

Answer 9

Funnel Questions

Question 10

general questions asked to respondents to find out whether they need to be asked more specific questions.

• If the answer is NO, the interviewer should not ask the specific questions.

Answer 10

Filter Questions

Question 11

creating open-ended questions requires the subject to answer in a narrative form rather than selective from the choice or responses.

Answer 11

Measuring Responses

Question 12

scale used to measure responses.

Answer 12

Level of Measurement

Question 13

classifies response items into two or more distinct categories on the basis of some common features. (lowest level of measurement because it provides no info about magnitude).

• Either answer “True or False” but not both

Answer 13

Nominal Scale

Question 14

rank ordering of response items. (Ranking of candidates of presidential polls, beauty contests, most popular , 2nd, 3rd and so forth.

Answer 14

Ordinal Scale

Question 15

measures magnitude or quantitative size using measures of equal interval between values.

• No true zero point. Has intervals can go to negatives: -2,-1, 0, 1,2

Answer 15

Interval Scale

Question 16

the highest level of measurement, and it has equal intervals between all values and a true zero point. Physical properties such as height, weight are characteristics whose quantity or magnitude can be measured using ratio scales.

Answer 16

Ratio Scale

Question 17

are more powerful and preferred by researchers than those of nominal and ordinal.

Answer 17

Interval and Ratio data

Question 18

may be regarded as traits, attitudes, and preferences that any individual could fall at any point along each dimension.

Answer 18

Continuous Dimension

Question 19

subject do not have to think about a great deal (no open-ended questions)

Answer 19

Relevant to the Central topic

Question 20

subjects are able to answer without saying “i don’t know”.

Answer 20

Easy to answer

Question 21

subjects will think are relevant to the topic of the survey.

Answer 21

Interesting

Question 22

tendency for subjects to respond to questions or test items in a specific way, regardless of the content.

Answer 22

Response Style

Question 23

comes into play whenever questions require specific knowledge about facts or issues. When unsure, some will leave it blank or make a wild guess. Unwillingness to answer is the most often problem.

Answer 23

Willingness to answer

Question 24

in multiple choice exam response style can influence the answer, when in doubt sometimes fall into the middle.

Answer 24

Position Preference

Question 25

the plain meaning of the words that actually appear in the page.

Answer 25

Manifest Content

Question 26

apt to agree with a question regardless of its manifest content. (Answer "YES or TRUE" items to most items)

Answer 26

Yea-sayers

Question 27

tend to disagree no matter what they are asked. (Tend to say "NO or FALSE" to most items).

Answer 27

Nay-sayers

Question 28

the position of the question - when it falls within the question order can influence how the question is interpreted.

Answer 28

Context Effect

Question 29

Sometimes it helps to separate related items and questions unrelated to either of the related questions.

Answer 29

Buffer items

Question 30

description of relatively permanent aspects of subjects or settings. (E.g. Determining the signs of homosexuality: SPO)

Answer 30

Static Checklist

Question 31

records the presence or absence of specific behavior. (E.g. A classroom observer may note whether children are talking or indeed quiet.)

Answer 31

Action Checklist

Question 32

permits only define responses.

Answer 32

Closed Form

Question 33

allows respondents to make freewheeling responses.

Answer 33

Open Form

Question 34

present open-ended questions that allow respondents in any way they wish. Has a high probability that the respondents will think more or authentic answer rather than choosing from a set of responses predetermined by the researcher.

Answer 34

Open-ended Format

Question 35

presents questions followed by a set of options predetermined by the researcher based on a pre-survey. The format is extremely structured, easier to get responses and analyze data. Appropriate in situations where researchers know the full range of possible responses to their questions.

Answer 35

Multiple Choice

Question 36

is a question that can have two possible answers. Questions are usually used in a survey that asks for a Yes/No, True/False, Fair/Unfair or Agree/Disagree answers.

Answer 36

Dichotomous

Question 37

a questionnaire using a totally structured format and occasionally with free responses option, the difference between multiple choice and checklist form is that respondents can answer a single question with one or more options.

Answer 37

Checklist Format

Question 38

Measures:

Answer 38

1. Frequency (how many times) 2. Duration (how long) 3. Rating (majority/minority)

Question 39

a purposeful face-to-face relationship between two persons: the interviewer who asks questions to gather information and the interviewee or respondents who supplies the information request.

Answer 39

Interview

Question 40

"the hidden meaning behind the question."

Answer 40

Latent Content

Question 41

a picture we want to create of ourselves. Trying to put our best foot forward (distorting the truth).

Answer 41

Response Set

Question 42

1. Be sure to include a polite and professional cover letter (stamped, self-addressed envelope) 2. Return procedures protect the subject's anonymity. 3. Report unreturned questionnaires.

Answer 42

Mail Survey

Question 43

1. Having access to computers, consider a computer-based survey. 2. Web - based if you have internet programming skills. 3. Data should be kept confidential.

Answer 43

Computer and Internet Survey

Question 44

1. Must establish rapport quickly with strangers. 2. Needs well-versed/trained interviews who can obtain high-quality answers.

Answer 44

Telephone Survey

Question 45

need to spend time to establish trust and win the subject's confidence. Factors such as (good voice/Halo effect; accent; SES; Race).

Answer 45

Face-to-Face

Question 46

the same questions are asked in precisely the same way each time (unstable; quantifiable). (as is)

Answer 46

Structured

Question 47

are more free flowing, free to explore interesting issues as they come up, but the information may not be usable for content analysis or stats.

Answer 47

Unstructured

Question 48

usually small groups of people with similar characteristics (all foreign students; members of SHE; faculty members of a certain dept. ) brought together by an interviewer called "facilitator".

Answer 48

Focus Groups

Question 49

the extent to which the survey is consistent and repeatable.

Answer 49

Reliability

Question 50

refers to the extent to which a survey usually measures the intended topic.

Answer 50

Validity

Question 51

scientific observation is made under precisely defined conditions, in a systematic and objective manner, and with careful recording keeping.

Answer 51

Observation

Question 52

covers the entire population.

Answer 52

Universal

Question 53

covers a representative of a population.

Answer 53

Sample Survey

Question 54

deciding and selection of potential subjects.

Answer 54

Sample Technique

Question 55

consist of all people, animals or objects that have at least one characteristic in common. (E.g. LGBTQ+ , IAS, Teume)

Answer 55

Population

Question 56

subset population of interest (e.g. either lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, transexual, intersexual, asexual, allies)

Answer 56

Sample

Question 57

study the likelihood of events.

Answer 57

Probability

Question 58

closely mirrors the larger population (e.g. population - IAS - Mass Com. , Psych, MedTech)

Answer 58

Representative

Question 59

selecting subjects in such a way the odds/chances of being in the study is being known or can be calculated.

Answer 59

Probability Sampling

Question 60

unbiased method of selecting subjects such as flipping a coin, drawing a number from a hat – (fish bowl technique) each member of the population has an equal opportunity of being selected, and the outcomes cannot be predicted ahead of time by any known law.

Answer 60

Random Selection

Question 61

the most basic form of probability sampling whereby a portion of the whole population is selected in an unbiased way. Does not guarantee that your sample truly represents the whole population. It yields an estimate of what is likely to be true.

Answer 61

Simple Random Sampling

Question 62

elegant variation of random sampling where all members of population are known and can be listed in an unbiased way.

Answer 62

Systematic Random Sampling

Question 63

This type of analysis is of value only when we measure “traits” or characteristics that do not change over time. - IQ and stable traits.

Answer 63

The Test-Retest Method

Question 64

This effect occurs when the first testing session influences scores from the second session. - This effect occurs when the first testing session influences scores from the second session.

Answer 64

Carryover effect

Question 65

The order of administration is usually counterbalanced to avoid practice effects.

Answer 65

Parallel Forms Method

Question 66

a test is given and divided into halves that are scored separately. The results of one half of the test are then compared with the results of the other. - If the items get progressively more difficult, then you might be better advised to use the odd-even system

Answer 66

Split - Half Method

Question 67

the internal consistency of a test refers to the intercorrelations among items within the same test.

Answer 67

Factor Analysis

Question 68

These reliability estimates have various names, including interrater, interscorer, interobserver, or inter judge reliability

Answer 68

Inter - Rater Reliability

Question 69

is the mere appearance that a measure has validity. - can motivate test-takers

Answer 69

Face Validity

Question 70

of a test or measure considers the adequacy of representation of the conceptual domain the test is designed to cover. - of a test or measure considers the adequacy of representation of the conceptual domain the test is designed to cover.

Answer 70

Content-related evidence for validity

Question 71

describes the failure to capture important components of a construct.

Answer 71

Construct Underrepresentation

Question 72

occurs when scores are influenced by factors irrelevant to the construct

Answer 72

Construct - Irrelevant Variance

Question 73

tells us just how well a test corresponds with a particular criterion. - For example, a test might predict success in marriage. Marital success is the criterion, but it cannot be known at the time the couples take the premarital test

Answer 73

Criterion validity evidence

Question 74

assessments of the simultaneous relationship between the test and the criterion. - For example, if you want to know who will perform well among applicants, look at the criterion set by successful employee.

Answer 74

Concurrent Validity Evidence

Question 75

we can have reliability without validity. However, it is logically impossible to demonstrate that an unreliable test is valid

Question 76

Researchers sample entire cluster – whole group is selected rather than individuals. - For example: Countries Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam Every one from the cluster can be surveyed

Answer 76

Cluster sampling

Question 77

selecting samples through predetermined quotas that are intended to reflect the makeup of the population. They can reflect the proportions of important population subgroups, but the particular individuals are not selected at random.

Answer 77

Quota Sampling

Question 78

a convenience sample is obtained by using any groups who happen to be convenient; considered a weak form of sampling because the researcher excercises non-control over the representative of the sample.

Answer 78

Convenience Sampling

Question 79

non random samples are selected because the individuals reflect a specific purpose of the study. Usually sets up a criterion/criteria on the target research that may be useful to the study.

Answer 79

Purposive Sampling

Question 80

sampling procedures in which subjects are not chosen at random.

Answer 80

Non Probability Sampling

Question 81

a non random sample wherein people who fit the sample criterion and asks these people to locate them to additional individuals.

Answer 81

Snowball/Network Sampling

Question 82

the intervals in which observations are made; chosen either systematically or randomly with a representative sample of behavior.

Answer 82

Time Sampling

Question 83

efficient method of behavior sampling when behavior occurs infrequently.

Answer 83

Event Sampling

Question 84

behavior should be observed under many circumstances; location or condition.

Answer 84

Situation Sampling

Question 85

the process of abstracting and summarizing behavioral data.

Answer 85

Data Reduction

Question 86

the degree to which two independent observers are in agreement.

Answer 86

Inter - Observer Reliability

Question 87

the proportion or percentage of times that various behavior occur.

Answer 87

Relative Frequency

Question 88

participant wants to cooperate and what behaviors are expected with them to be a " good participants".

Answer 88

Demand Characteristics