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AP Biology > Chapter 4: Tour Of A Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Tour Of A Cell Flashcards

0
Q

A photograph taken through a microscope

A

Micrograph

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1
Q

An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images and project them into a viewer’s eye or onto photographic film

A

Light Microscope

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2
Q

The theory that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells

A

Cell Theory

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3
Q

A microscope that uses magnets to focus an electron beam through, or onto the surface of, a specimen; achieves a hundredfold greater resolution than a light microscope.

A

Electron Microscope

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4
Q

A microscope that uses an electron beam to study the fine details of cell surfaces or other specimens

A

Scanning Electron Microscope

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5
Q

A microscope that uses an electron beam to study the internal structure of thinly sectioned specimens

A

Transmission Electron Microscope

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6
Q

The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier to the passage of ions and molecules into and out of the cell; consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

A

Plasma Membrane

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7
Q

A type of cell lacking a membrane- enclosed nucleus and other membrane- enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea

A

Prokaryotic Cell

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8
Q

A type of cell that has a membrane- enclosed nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles; all organisms except bacteria and archaea are composed of eukaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic Cells

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9
Q

Gene carrying structure found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and most visible during mitosis and meiosis; main gene carrying structure in a prokaryotic cell; consists of one very long piece of chromatin, a combination of DNA and protien

A

Chromosome

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10
Q

Cell structure consisting of RNA and protein organized into two subunits and functioning the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; in eukaryotic cells, the subunits are constructed in the nucleus

A

Ribosome

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11
Q

The contents of a eukaryotic cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus; consists of a semifluid medium and organelles; can also refer to the interior of a prokaryotic cell

A

Cytoplasm

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12
Q

A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell

A

Nucleoid

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13
Q

A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion; in prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in both structure and function; like cilia, it has a 9 x 2 arrangement of microtubules covered by the cell’s plasma membrane

A

Flagella

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14
Q

A membrane- enclosed structure with a specific function in the cell

A

Organelle

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15
Q

All the chemical activities of a cell

A

Cellular Metabolism

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16
Q

Genetic control center of eukaryotic cells

A

Nucleus

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17
Q

The combination of DNA and proteins that constitutes eukaryotic chromosomes; often used to refer to the diffuse, very extended form taken by chromosomes when a cell is not dividing

A

Chromatin

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18
Q

A double membrane that encloses the nucleus, perforated with pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm

A

Nuclear Envelope

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19
Q

A structure within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is made and assembled with proteins imported from the cytoplasm to make ribosomal subunits

A

Nucleolus

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20
Q

A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles

A

Endomembrane System

21
Q

A sac made of membrane in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell

A

Vesicles

22
Q

An extensive membranous network in a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

23
Q

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

24
Q

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

25
Q

A protein with one of more short chains of sugars attached to it

A

Glycoprotein

26
Q

A small membranous sac in a eukaryotic cell’s cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell; it buds from the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi and eventually fuses with another organelle or the plasma membrane, releasing its contents

A

Transport Vesicle

27
Q

An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of membranous sacs that modify, store, and ship products of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Golgi Apparatus

28
Q

A digestive organelle in eukaryotic cells; contains hydrolytic enzymes that digest engulfed food or damaged organelles

A

Lysosomes

29
Q

A membrane-enclosed sac that is part of the endomembrane system of a eukaryotic cell and has diverse functions

A

Vacuole

30
Q

In a plant cell, a large membranous sac with diverse roles in growth and the storage of chemicals and wastes

A

Central Vacuole

31
Q

An organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxisomes

32
Q

An organelle in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration occurs; enclosed by two membranes, it is where most of the cell’s ATP is made

A

Mitochondria

33
Q

The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

34
Q

An infolding of the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

Christa

35
Q

An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic molecules (sugars) from carbon dioxide and water

A

Chloroplast

36
Q

The dense fluid within the chloroplast that surrounds the thylakoid membrane and is involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water; sugars are made in it by the enzymes of the Calvin cycle

A

Stroma

37
Q

A flattened membranous sac inside a chloroplast; their membranes contain chlorophyll and the molecular complexes of the light reactions of photosynthesis; a stack of them is called a granum

A

Thylakoid

38
Q

A stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in a chloroplast; they are the sites where light energy is trapped by chlorophyll and converted to chemical energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis

A

Granum

39
Q

A theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell, the engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism.

A

Endosymbiont Theory

40
Q

A network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell; includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

A

Cytoskeleton

41
Q

The thinnest of the three main kinds of protein fibers making up the cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell; a solid, helical rod composed of the globular protein actin

A

Microfilaments

42
Q

An intermediate-sized protein fiber that is one of the three main kinds of fibers making up the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells; they are ropelike, made of fibrous proteins

A

Intermediate Filaments

43
Q

The thickest of the three main kinds of fibers making up the cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell; a hollow tube made of globular proteins called tubulins; found in cilia and flagella

A

Microtubules

44
Q

A structure in an animal cell composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 + 0 pattern; an animal usually has a centrosome with a pair of centrioles involved in cell division

A

Centrioles

45
Q

A short cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two single microtubules (the 9 + 2 pattern) covered by the cell’s plasma membrane

A

Cilia

46
Q

The meshwork surrounding animal cells; consists of glycoproteins and polysaccharides

A

Extra cellular Matrix (ECM)

47
Q

A transmembrane protein that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton

A

Integrins

48
Q

A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists; protects the cell and helps maintain its shape

A

Cell Wall

49
Q

An open channel in a plant cell wall through which strands of cytoplasm connect from adjacent cells

A

Plasmodesmata

AP Biology (2 decks)

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