Chapter 4 vocab

Question 1

The substances this person (and others) thought was located in the cavities of the brain; when this substance moved via the nerves from the brain to the muscles, the muscles swelled and behavior was instigated

Answer 1

Animal spirits

Question 2

Urged an inductive, practical science that was free from the misconceptions of the past and from any theoretical influences

Answer 2

Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

Question 3

Argued that the earth rotated around the sun and therefore the earth was not the center of the solar system and the universe as the church had maintained

Answer 3

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)

Question 4

The method of reasoning by which conclusions must follow from certain assumptions, principles, or concepts; if it is assumed that everything in nature exists for a purpose, then one can conclude that humans, too, exist for a purpose; this reasoning proceeds from the general to the particular.

Answer 4

Deduction

Question 5

The belief that God’s creation of the universe exhausted his involvement with it

Answer 5

Deism

Question 6

Believed that much human behavior can be explained in mechanical terms, that the mind and the body are separate but interacting entities, and that the mind contains innate ideas; with this man began comparative-physiological psychology, stimulus-response psychology, phenomenology, and a debate over whether innate ideas exist; this man also focused attention on the nature of the relationship between the mind and the body

Answer 6

Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

Question 7

One who believes that a person consists of two separate entities: a mind, which accounts for one’s mental experiences and rationality, and a body, which functions according to the same biological and mechanical processes as do the bodies of nonhuman animals

Answer 7

Dualist

Question 8

Showed several of Aristotle’s “truths” to be false and, by using a telescope, extended the known number of bodies in the solar system to 11; this person argued that science could deal only with objective reality and that because human perceptions were subjective, they were outside the realm of science

Answer 8

Galileo (1564-1642)

Question 9

The theory, proposed by Ptolemy, that the sun and planets rotate around the earth

Answer 9

Geocentric theory

Question 10

The theory, proposed by Copernicus, that the planets, including the earth, rotate around the sun

Answer 10

Heliocentric theory

Question 11

A viewpoint during the Renaissance; it emphasized four themes: individualism, a personal relationship with God, interest in classical wisdom, and a negative attitude toward Aristotle’s philosophy

Answer 11

Humanism

Question 12

Bacon’s term for personal biases that result from one’s personal characteristics or experiences

Answer 12

Idols of the cave

Question 13

Bacon’s term for error that results when one accepts the traditional meanings of the words used to describe things

Answer 13

Idols of the marketplace

Question 14

Bacon’s term for the inhibition of objective inquiry that results when one accepts dogma, tradition, or authority

Answer 14

Idols of the theater

Question 15

Bacon’s term for biases that result from human’s natural tendency to view the world selectively

Answer 15

Idols of the tribe

Question 16

The method of reasoning that moves from the particular to the general; after a large number of individual instances are observed, a theme or principle common to all of them might be inferred; proceeds from the particular to the general

Answer 16

Induction

Question 17

Ideas, like perfection and the axioms of geometry, that Descartes believed could not be derived from one’s own experience; such ideas, according to Descartes, were placed in the mind of God

Answer 17

Innate ideas

Question 18

The version of dualism that accepts the separate existence of a mind and a body and claims that they interact

Answer 18

Interactionism

Question 19

In Descartes’ philosophy, the introspective process by which clear and distinct ideas are discovered

Answer 19

Intuition

Question 20

Was especially disturbed by corruption within the church and by the church’s emphasis on ritual; he believed that a major reason for the church’s downfall was its embracing of Aristotle’s philosophy, and he urged a return to the personal religion that Augustine had described; he accepted Augustine’s concept of predestination but denied human free will; his attack of the established church contributed to the Reformation, which divided Europe into warring camps

Answer 20

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

Question 21

Extended the work of Galileo by showing that the motion of all objects in the universe could be explained by his law of gravitation; although he did believe in God, he believed that God’s will could not be evoked as an explanation of any physical phenomenon; he viewed the universe as a complex machine that God had created, set in motion, and then abandoned

Answer 21

Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

Question 22

The belief that only those objects or events that can be experienced directly should be the object of scientific inquiry; actively avoids metaphysical speculation

Answer 22

Positivism

Question 23

The attributes of physical objects: for example, size, shape, color, number, position, and movement or rest

Answer 23

Primary qualities

Question 24

The religious movement that denied the authority of the pope and of Aristotle; argued against church hierarchy and ritual and instead wanted a simple, deeply personal, and introspective religion like that described by St. Paul and St. Augustine

Answer 24

Protestantism

Question 25

The attempt of Luther and others to change the Christian church by making it more Augustinian in character; this effort resulted in the division of western European Christianity into Protestantism and Roman Catholicism

Answer 25

Reformation

Question 26

The period from about 1450-1600 when there was a rebirth of the open, objective inquiry that had characterized the early Greek philosophers

Answer 26

Renaissance

Question 27

The apparent attributes of physical objects that in fact exist only in the mind of the perceiver–for example, the experiences of color, sound, odor, temperature, and taste; without a perceiver, these phenomena would not exist

Answer 27

Secondary qualities