Chapter 4 Vocab :D

Question 1

AUTONOMY

Answer 1

AUTHORITY TO MAKE DECISIONS

Question 2

SCRIP

Answer 2

In Metis history a document that could be exchanged for land and that was offered to the Metis at the time numbered treaties we negotiated

Question 3

Inherent rights

Answer 3

rights with origins in fundamental justice

Question 4

Publicly funded

Answer 4

paid for by taxes and provided by government.

Question 5

Assimilate

Answer 5

become part of a different cultural group.

Question 6

Ethnocentrism

Answer 6

the belief that one’s culture is superior to all other cultures

Question 7

Indian Act

Answer 7

federal legislation related to the rights and status of First Nations people

Question 8

Entrenching

Answer 8

fixing firmly within.

Question 9

Indian

Answer 9

Europeans used the word Indian to describe the First Nations of North America,although these people were diverse and had names for themselves.Many first Nations prefer not to use the word Indian to describe themselves.

Question 10

Reserve

Answer 10

Land for exclusive use of First Nations.

Question 11

Annuity

Answer 11

An annual payment .under the numbered treaties , annuities are mostly symbolic today.for example, the members of treaty 8 each receive 5.00 per year.

Question 12

affirm

Answer 12

To validate and express commitment to something

Question 13

First Nations

Answer 13

Umbrella name for the diverse aboriginal peoples who have collective rights that are recognized and protected in Canad’s constitutions.

Question 14

Sovereigty

Answer 14

independence as a people with a right to self- government

Question 15

collective rights

Answer 15

rights guaranteed to specific groups in Canadiasn society for historical and constitutional reasons.
These groups are:Aboriginal peoples,including First Nations,Metis and inuit peoples;and Francophones and Anglophones.

Question 16

Collective Identity

Answer 16

the shared identity of group of people.especially of common language and culture

Question 17

Questions:
1. To what extent has Canada affirmed collective rights?
What makes Canada unique?

Answer 17

1.We are one of the world’s largest masses.
We are democratic.
We have a federal system, with powers divided between provincial and federal governments.
We are a free country, with individual Rights and Freedoms enshrined in the Constitution.
We also recognize and affirm collective rights.

Question 18

2.What are collective rights?

Answer 18

2.Canada is unique in the world in that it recognizes and affirms the rights both of individuals AND groups in society.
These groups share a collective identity and are specially recognized and protected by Canada’s constitution for historical and constitutional reasons.
Collective identity is the connection shared by a group of people, especially a common language and culture.

Question 19

3.What is the purpose of Collective Rights?

Answer 19

3.The purpose of collective rights is to affirm the collective identity of special groups in society.

Question 20

4.What does it mean to affirm something or someone?

Answer 20

4.To acknowledge, validate, express commitment to…

In Canada, certain collectives (groups) have rights enshrined in the Constitution affirming their important role in Canadian society.

Question 21

5.

Can you identify the groups in Canada who have Collective rights?

Answer 21

5.These groups are: Aboriginal peoples, including First Nations, Métis and Inuit peoples; and Francophones and Anglophones.

Question 22

6.Who gets Collective Rights?

Why these groups?

Answer 22

6.First Nations (including Inuit and Metis), Francophones, and Anglophones
Because: Collective rights focus on the founding peoples of Canada, recognizing that Canada would not be what it is today without the help of these peoples.

Question 23

7. Collective Rights

Define collective rights

Answer 23

collective rights are rights held by groups
(peoples) in Canadian society that are recognized and
protected by Canada’s constitution.
Collective rights are different than individual rights. Every
Canadian citizen and permanent resident has individual rights
under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, such as the right to
live anywhere in Canada. Collective rights are rights Canadians
hold because they belong to one of several groups in society
the shared identity of a group of people ,especially because of common language and culture.

Question 24

What legislation establishes the collective rights of groups in Canada?

Answer 24

Collective Rights of the First Nations. * Treaty 6, 7, 8 states that the aboriginals could have health care, education, hunting and fishing rights, reserves, farming assistance, payments annuities, and special benefits.
Are sacred to the First Nations because they are nation to nation agreements.
Treaty seven was seen as a pact of friendship, peace, and mutual support between the two.
The First Nations never realized they full extent of the treaties due to the fact that they believed in oral agreements and the British believed in written agreements.

Question 25

Why do some groups have collective rights and not others?

Answer 25

Some groups have collective rights and not others because of the high populations of the groups in Canada. For example: English and French have collective rights because they have a higher population than any other groups in Canada. The First Nations have collective rights because they lived in Canada before we did.

Question 26

Why are collective rights important to all Canadians?

Answer 26

Collective rights are important to Canadian’s as individuals, because it is what allows us to show our true identity.

Question 27

How do collective rights, in the past and today, define who we are as Canadians?

Answer 27

Collective rights in the past and today define who we are because we give certain rights to people such as the First Nations because of the way they were treated in the past by the British. This shows that we want everyone to be equal in Canada.

Question 28

.List groups of people living in Canada that have a collective identity?

Answer 28

These groups are: First Nations, Inuit, and Metis. and Francophones and Anglophones.

Question 29

In Canada, only certain groups have collective rights enshrined in the Charter of Rights. Define Enshrined.

Answer 29

It means that the collective rights is written in the Charter.

Question 30

What are the Numbered Treaties?

Answer 30

The Numbered Treaties are historic agreements that affect the rights and identity of some First Nations in Canada and were agreements between the Queen and First Nations.

Eleven “Numbered Treaties” were signed between 1871 and 1921 as the Canadian government began to pursue settlement, farming and resource development in the west and north of the country.

Question 31

When was the medal struck?

Answer 31

A medal was struck in 1874 to commemorate the numbered treaties.

Question 32

The images in the medal are meant to convey a specific message. List the features below. What was the message?

What clues are there in the images?

Answer 32

The Message that it’s supposed to convey is :Canada’s government struck medals like this to commemorate the Numbered Treaties. This medal dates from 1874. The medal shows two people shaking hands: one symbolizes Canada’s government and one symbolizes First Nations peoples.

The clues in the image was Indian Treaty number 8 (1899)

Question 33

Explain the DIFFERENCE between the terms “INDIAN” and “FIRST NATIONS”.

Answer 33

Indian is a race and First Nations is a group of people that have a culture in common.

The difference between :
First Nations=is under the umbrella name for the diverse Aboriginal peoples who have collective rights that are recognized and protected in Canada’s constitution. The constitution refers to First Nations as “Indians,” in keeping with the name used at the time of negotiating Treaties.

INDIAN= Europeans used the word Indian to describe the First Nations of North America, although these peoples were diverse and had names for themselves. Many First Nations prefer not to use the word
Indian to describe themselves.

Question 34

What was the PURPOSE of the Royal Proclamation of 1763?

Answer 34

The Royal Proclamation is a document that sets out guidelines for European settlement of Aboriginal territories.

The proclamation recognized First Nations’ right to land and
established the principle of making treaties with First Nations through peaceful negotiation

Question 35

How many NUMBERED TREATIES were there?

Answer 35

11

Question 36

Complete the following table (list at least 3 points for each).

Canadian government’s reasons

First Nations peoples’ reasons

Answer 36

1. Canada’s Government agreed to terms covering First Nations, Education, reserves, annuities, and other matters.
2. Canada wanted to build a railway to link the province of British Columbia to the rest of Canada, and open the west to immigration. B.C. joined Confederation on condition that Canada would build the railway.
3. Canada’s government believed First Nations gave up their land under the treaties. Many First Nations disagree, since their world views do not think of land as something anyone can own. or give up.
4. First Nations agreed to share land resources in peace.
5. First Nations and Canada’s government wanted to avoid war.
6. First Nations wanted to secure their future. They were facing economic and social upheaval from smallpox epidemics, the eradication of the buffalo, and the end of trade and the pressure of European settlers.

Question 37

Timeline – Historical Perspective of the Treaties

Quote
Source
 1
1876
Textbook

2
1876
Textbook

3
1876
Textbook

4
1879

Textbook
5
1939

Textbook
6
1946
Textbook

7
1939
Textbook

8
1969
Textbook

Answer 37

1.Main Ideas
Affirms First Nations’ collective rights
  Yes/No? Why?
Perminate, Giving resources, 
yes and no because they are getting their religions but they have to learn the ways of the white people.

2.They are happy because the Queen is giving them money so that they can do things that they wouldn’t have been able to do without them.
Yes, because they are helping the first nations by giving them money.

3.It basically made rules on how they could live.
No, because it was affecting their life style and on how they lived.

4.Residential schools removed children from their families and disrupted their connections to their languages, cultures and identities.
No, because it is separating them from their families and their life styles.

5.First Nations in Alberta organized the Indian Association of Alberta.
Yes, because they get to organize it and make it.

6.First Nations have felt that Canadian officials have not complied with those treaties.
No, because it’s not helping the First Nations at all and it’s actually going against the first nations.

7.The economic adjustment of the Indians to modern life is a large problem. We need to make the Indians lead the normal life of the ordinary Canadian citizen.
Yes, because it’s saying that First Nations should lead the ordinary Canazian citizen

8.That they cannot keep discriminating against the First Nations
Yes, because people are starting to stand up for First Nations people.

Question 38

What laws recognize the collective rights of the First Nations peoples?

Answer 38

While the Indian Act implements Treaties to some extent, there are treaty rights established through Section 35 of the Constitution Act 1867 that are not defined or implemented through the Indian Act. Treaty rights and the Indian Act are NOT co-extensive, even if in practice on the prairies, there is a great deal of overlap between the two. Conceptually and at law, the rights stemming from the Indian Act and Treaties are very different.One way that Collective Rights were given to First Nations, was with setting up treaties. These treaties were known as numbered treaties. Collective rights recognize the founding peoples of Canada. Canada would not exist today without the contribution of these peoples.

Question 39

The Indian Act

What was the role of an “INDIAN AGENT”?

Answer 39

Indian agents were responsible for implementing the policies of the Department of Indian Affairs and keeping government officials informed of activities on reserves. Agents managed government resources and finances with regard to fulfilling the government’s statutory and treaty obligations to First Nations.

Question 40

Why did Canada’s government think they could make laws without consulting First Nations peoples?

Answer 40

Federal legislation related to the rights and status of First Nations peoples, first passed in 1876 and amended several times. The Indian Act was created to help the Canadian government effectively implement the treaty rights. The act affirmed (recognized) the collective rights of First Nations.
The Indian Act dates from 1876. At the time, Canada’s
government thought it appropriate to make laws for First Nations
without consulting them. This connects to Canada’s colonial past,
when people of European descent believed their cultures superior
to other cultures (ethnocentrism).

Question 41

What is the word they used for Indian status registration in the Act?

Answer 41

ENTHNOCENTRISM_____

Question 42

What does it mean to be a “STATUS INDIAN”?

Answer 42

Indian Status” refers to a specific legal identity of an Aboriginal person in Canada. … Status Indians are issued a status card that contains information about their identity, their band, and their registration number.

Question 43

List at least 3 ways that the Indian Act tried to ASSIMILATE First Nations peoples.

Answer 43

1.– It defined how First Nations peoples had to conduct there affairs, such as band elections, although First Nations had their
own ways of governing themselves.
2.– At points in its history, the act restricted the right of First
Nations people to travel freely, to take political action, to wear
traditional dress, and to take part in traditional ceremonies.
3.– Until 1960, the act required First Nations people to give up
their legal identity and Treaty rights to gain the right to vote.
pressure from First Nations has caused Canada’s government to
revise the Indian Act several times. The act remains in force today.

Question 44

How does the Indian Act both affirm and present problems for First Nations identity?

Answer 44

The affirm problems was Indian act helped the First Nations to have a right. The present problems are that the government controlled the decision of First Nation and tried to assimilate First Nations.

Question 45

Explain why some First Nations people rejected the suggested changes to the Indian Act?

Answer 45

They reject the bill in principle, because it does not recognize their
status as nations with the right to make rules for themselves.
Among its many measures, the First Nations Governance Act would establish codes of
conduct for First Nations officials and require First Nations to prepare budgets for public review.

Question 46

What were Residential Schools?

Answer 46

In 1879, mp nicholas davin was told by the canadian government to provide first nations peoples with education.
He would also have to find a way to ‘civilized’ them, according to the government.

“residential schools allow “aggressive civilization” by separating the children from the parents…
Residential schools make a certain degree of civilization within the reach of indians despite the deficiencies of their race… the indians realize they will disappear.

1884; federal government ordered mandatory school attendance for all aboriginal children. By 1920, it was mandatory for every aboriginal child between 6-15 to attend school.

Residential schools were set up in each province/territory except pei, new brunswick & newfoundland.
There were a total of 130 residential schools across canada. It is estimated that over 80,000 native children attended these schools.
Aboriginal children were separated and isolated from their families. For some Students this continued for 10 years.
This isolation from there parents’ traditional way of life, prevented these children from learning their heritage.

Aftermath/compensation
On june 11, 2008, prime minister stephen harper, on behalf of the federal government and all canadians apologized to former students of residential schools in the house of commons.
The indian residential schools settlement agreement (irssa) was approved by canada’s court of law in september 2007.
$1.9 billion was set aside for the benefits of former residential school students.
Each eligible former student who applies would receive:
- $10,000 for the first school year or portion.
*this payment is known as the “common experience payment.”
*individuals who were sexually/physically abused would receive additional compensation.

Question 47

What collective rights do official language groups have under the Charter?
Official Languages

Answer 47

Section 23 of the Charter (Minority Language Educational Rights) extends the protection of rights to official language minorities. French-speaking or English-speaking minority populations have the right to publicly funded schools.

Question 48

describe what Francophone students in Alberta have in common with Anglophone students in Quebec.

Answer 48

The french speaking person is in a majority english speaking place and the english speaking person is in a french speaking place so it’s uncommon to see them there so that’s what they have in common.

Question 49

Why does this suggest there might be a need for protection for both language groups?

Answer 49

The reason why is because they are the official languages of Canada.

Question 50

Explain the legal conditions that were created to allow minority language schools to exist in Canada (pg 143). E.g. Why do francophone schools exist in Alberta?

Answer 50

The legal conditions that were created to allow minority language schools to exist in Canada are section 23 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms that state people should be allowed to be educated in their native language.

Question 51

What are the Charter rights of official language groups? How has this impacted Francophone
education (pg 145, 146)?

Answer 51

French and English are official languages and federal government has to provide both languages to Canadians.
Minorities have the right to publicly funded schools in their language.
made confederation possible
bicultural and bilingual country with rights for french and english speakers
guaranteed education rights based on religion
Current FRANCOPHONE MINORITY RIGHTS have evolved over time in Canada. Use the information on p. 145 to complete the timeline of Francophone Minority Rights.

Question 52

What laws recognize the collective rights of the Métis?

Answer 52

The Métis are one of Canada’s Aboriginal peoples under section 35 of the Constitution.
The Métis are individuals born of both Aboriginal and European descent.
Unlike First Nations, the Métis do not have any historic treaties with Canada’s government.
The Métis consider rights to land, and rights to use land in traditional ways, as inherent rights. Inherent rights: rights they have because they are First Peoples.
Today the Métis are represented by organizations such as the Métis Nation of Alberta and the Métis Settlements General Council.

Question 53

What was “scrip”? 1875-1879:

Answer 53

Canada’s government issued scrip to the Métis, instead of establishing Métis land in Manitoba. In some cases it offered the Métis a choice: accept scrip or become Treaty Indians under a Numbered Treaty. In the view of the Canadian government, the Métis did not have the same rights to land as First Nations and did not require reserves.
Scrip could be exchanged for land or money.
The Metis found it difficult to establish a tract of land large enough where they could live together so many sold their scrip and moved west from Manitoba to Saskatchewan and Alberta.

Question 54

Red River Resistance (rebellion) 1869-1870:

Answer 54

The Canadian government, eager to settle the west, arranged a deal with Hudson’s Bay Company to sell land for settlement.
This land included the Red River Colony, where the Métis lived and farmed (Manitoba).
The Métis were not consulted; the Canadian government went ahead and sent land surveyors into the colony.
To the government, the natives were ‘uncivilized’ and deterred European settlement.

Question 55

Significance of the Red River Resistance (1869-1870)

Answer 55

For the first time in Canada’s history, the government negotiated with the Métis about settling in western Canada. Before this, Canada did not feel negotiations were necessary.
The agreement met most of the Métis demands. The Red River region became the province of Manitoba, and the Manitoba Act guaranteed the land the Métis had already settled, as well as additional land to distribute to their children.
However, these conditions were only partially met. Many Métis fled west (today, Saskatchewan) to escape the government and settle land under their own control, as well as hunt buffalo.

Question 56

The Northwest Resistance (1885)

Answer 56

The Metis had petitioned for land but Canada’s government did not respond.
Louis Riel led the Northwest resistance which ended in military conflict. He sought to protect Metis land as the railway and settlers moved west in what is Saskatchewan today.
For many Metis it was a way to assert their rights but for Canada’s government it was an attempt to overthrow it’s authority.
Riel was tried and hung for treason in Regina in 1885. Many Anglophones approved while Francophones and Metis now consider Riel a “Father of Confederation” for upholding their rights in western Canada.

Question 57

Why might the Metis organizations described on this page have different perspectives on Metis collective rights?

Answer 57

The organizations on the page have different perspectives on Metis collective rights because the come from different organization (the Metis Nation of Alberta and the Metis Settlements General Council). They represent different types of Metis people. The MNA has 35000 members whereas the MSGC only has 9000 so they do not represent as many perspectives.

Question 58

Why are the collective rights of the Metis important to Audrey Poitras and Gerald Cunningham?

Answer 58

They are Metis so they value their rights as Aboriginal people in Canada. It is also part of their jobs to represent overall Metis perspectives and the people who are part of their organizations.

Question 59

Assignment Five: The Metis

How are MÉTIS different from FIRST NATIONS people?

Answer 59

Metis people are of European and First Nations descent whereas First Nations people are not European at al

Question 60

Why was scrip unfavourable to the Métis?

Answer 60

Scrip was unfavorable to Metis because they had to choose between having land or being a “Treaty Indian” and giving up their rights as a Metis person.

Question 61

. LOUIS RIEL led the RED RIVER (Manitoba) and NORTHWEST RESISTANCE (Saskatchewan) to protect Métis lands. What happened to Riel as a result?

Answer 61

Louis Riel was found guilty and sentenced to death and hanged for murder and treason.

Question 62

Complete the table below to compare the different perspectives on Métis rights
during the Northwest Resistance.

Canadian government perspective

Métis perspective

Answer 62

Attempt to overthrow authority

protecting metis land
assert rights
peaceful protesting did not work

Question 63

Summarize the significance of these events to Métis collective rights?

Answer 63

These events were significant to Metis collective rights because Metis are members of the First Nations community and deserve the same rights as them. These resistances were the Metis’ way of attempting to gain rights and land to hunt and fish and practice their cultures.

Question 64

Describe how Canadians’ views of Riel’s actions have changed over time.

Answer 64

1885: Canadian’s thought he was a traitor because he was helping the Metis. The government thought of him as a murderer and hung him for it.

   Present: Now, people think Riel was a good leader and a good person for trying to help Metis people.

Question 65

In 1982, Canada’s constitution was patriated. (brought back into the hands of Canada). Why was this a significant event for the Métis?

Answer 65

It is significant because it recognizes Metis as one of Canada’s Aboriginal people with rights.

Question 66

How were Métis collective rights recognized in 1982?

Answer 66

Their collective rights were recognized by amending the Constitution Act to say that Aboriginal people includes Indian, Metis, and Inuit.

Question 67

How does the Indian Act recognize the status and identity of Aboriginal people and does legislation such as Treaty 6, Treaty 7 and Treaty 8 recognize the status and identity of oboriginal people?

Answer 67

The Numbered Treaties have roots in the Royal Proclamation of 1763. Britain made the proclamation at the end of the Seven Years’ War, as it sought to establish control over lands in North America formerly claimed by France. The proclamation recognized First Nations’ rights to land, and established the principle of making treaties with First Nations through peaceful negotiation.

Question 68

How do governments recognize Métis cultures and rights through legislation (i.e., treaties governance, land claims, Métis Settlements in Alberta)?

Answer 68

Unlike First Nations, the Métis do not have any historic treaties with Canada’s government.
186-1870 – Manitoba Act – established Manitoba as a bilingual province and gave Métis some land rights. The Métis would receive 500000 hectares of land in addition to the farms they had established along the Red River.
1875-1879 – Canada’s government issued scrip (document that could be exchanged for land) instead of giving Métis specific land in Manitoba.
1938 – Alberta government passed the Métis Population Betterment Act which established twelve temporary Métis settlements. First time in Canadian history that a government had provided the Métis with land.
1982 – Recognition of Métis rights in Canada’s constitution. When the constitution was updated it included section 35, which recognizes the Métis as one of Canada’s Aboriginal peoples with rights.
1990 – Alberta government gave the Métis settlements permanent land with the right to manage their own affairs.
This included the: Constitution of Alberta Amendment Act
Métis Settlements Accord Implementation Act
Métis Settlements Act
Métis Settlements Land Protection Act. # 2003 – Supreme Court said the Métis have the right to hunt and fish, as one of Canada’s Aboriginal peoples under the constitution.
2004 – Alberta government recognized Métis hunting and fishing rights allowing them to hunt and fish for food without need a license.

Question 69

To what extent should federal and provincial governments support and promote the rights of official language minorities in Canada?

Answer 69

This depends on your perspective. Many things can influence this such as your first language, your country of origin, your heritage, where you live in Canada, and your beliefs. The Charter of Rights and Freedoms basically says that you can be equal and different at the same time.
Think about how this is done in Alberta and Quebec.

Question 70

In what ways has the Charter of Rights and Freedoms fostered recognition of collective rights in Canada?

Answer 70

The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms recognizes collective rights in Canada by granting language rights to collective identities such as Francophones and Anglophones
Acts, treaties, and laws to recognize groups. It reflects the idea of mutual respect among peoples.

Question 71

To what extent has Canada affirmed Collective Rights?

Answer 71

collective rights: rights guaranteed to specific groups in Canadian society for historical and constitutional reasons. These groups are: Aboriginal peoples, including First Nations, Métis and Inuit peoples; and Francophones and Anglophones.