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AP Biology > Chapter 41: Species Interactions > Flashcards

Chapter 41: Species Interactions Flashcards

1
Q

What effects can interactions in a community have on the species involved?

A

they can help, harm or have no effect

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1
Q

What characterize biological communities

A

diversity and trophic structure

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2
Q

What does disturbance influence?

A

species diversity and composition

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3
Q

What does biogeographic factors affect?

A

community diversity

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4
Q

How are pathogens structured?

A

locally and globally

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5
Q

What is a biological community?

A

a group of populations of different species living close enough to interact

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6
Q

What are interspecific interactions?

A

The interactions between individuals of different species living in the same community

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7
Q

What type of interspecific interaction is competition?

A
  • / -
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8
Q

What type of interspecific interaction is predation?

A

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9
Q

What type of interspecific interaction is herbivory?

A

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10
Q

What type of interspecific interaction is parasitism?

A

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11
Q

What type of interspecific interaction is mutualism?

A

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12
Q

What type of interspecific interaction is commensalism?

A

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13
Q

When does interspecific competition occur?

A

individuals of different species compete for a resource that limits the survival and reproduction of each species (food space, mates)

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14
Q

What is competitive exclusion?

A

when two species are vying for a resource, eventually the one with the slight reproductive advantage will eliminate the other

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15
Q

What is an ecological niche?

A

the sum of biotic and abiotic resources that an organism uses its environment.

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16
Q

What is an organism’s niche?

A

its ecological role - how it fits into an ecosystem

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17
Q

When can two species cannot coexist permanently in a community?

A

if their niches are identical

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18
Q

What is resource partitioning?

A

the differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist in a community

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19
Q

What is a fundamental niche?

A

the niche potentially occupied by that species

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20
Q

What is a realized niche?

A

the portion of its fundamental niche that the species actually occupies

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21
Q

What is character displacement?

A

the tendency for characteristics to diverge more in geographically overlapping areas than in geographic isolated areas?

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22
Q

What is predation?

A

the interaction between species in which one species eats another

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23
Q

What is the consumer called in predation?

A

the predator

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24
Q

What is the one eaten called in predation?

A

the prey

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25
Q

What is cryptic coloration?

A

camouflage that makes prey difficult to see

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26
Q

What is aposematic coloration?

A

animals that have effective chemical defenses often have bright colors that act as a warning to others

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27
Q

What is batesian mimicry?

A

when one harmless species mimics a harmful species to which it is not closely related

28
Q

What is mullein mimicry?

A

when two or more harmful species resemble each other and get the added advantage by having greater # of individuals

29
Q

What is herbivory?

A

the interaction where an organism eats parts of a plant or algae.

30
Q

Give two ways in which plants defend against predators

A

Chemical toxins, spines and thornes

31
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

the interaction in which individuals of two or more species live in direct contact with one another

32
Q

What is parasitism?

A

the symbiotic relationship where one organism, the parasite derives its nourishment from the host which is harmed in the process

33
Q

What are endoparasites?

A

parasites that live inside of their hosts

34
Q

What are ectoparasites?

A

parasites that live and feed on the outside of their host

35
Q

What do parasites affect in their host population?

A

survival, reproduction and density

36
Q

What is mutualism?

A

a symbiotic relationship that benefits both species

37
Q

What is commensalism?

A

a symbiotic relationship that benefits one of the species but neither harms nor helps the other

38
Q

What is species diversity?

A

the variety of different kinds of organisms that make up the community

39
Q

What is species richness?

A

the number of different species in the community

40
Q

What is relative abundance?

A

the proportion each species represent of all of the individuals

41
Q

What is biomass?

A

the total mass of all organisms in a habitat

42
Q

What is trophic structure?

A

the feeding relationships that exist between organisms in a community. Each organism occupies a trophic level based on their main food source

43
Q

What is a food chain?

A

the transfer of food energy up the trophic levels

44
Q

Who are on the bottom of the food chain?

A

primary producers

45
Q

Who eat primary producers?

A

primary consumers

46
Q

Who eat primary producers?

A

secondary consumers

47
Q

Who eat secondary consumers?

A

tertiary consumers

48
Q

Who eat tertiary consumers?

A

quaternary consumers

49
Q

What is a food web

A

a diagram of the trophic relationships of a community (linking multiple food chains together)

50
Q

What does the food web show?

A

the flow of energy and nutrients through an ecosystem through a variety of possible paths

51
Q

What are dominant species?

A

species that are the most abundant or that collectively have the highest biomass

52
Q

What are keystone species

A

species who exert strong control on community structure by their pivotal ecological niches

53
Q

What is stability?

A

a community tendency to reach and maintain a relatively constant composition of species

54
Q

What does a disturbance do?

A

changes a community by removing organisms from it or altering resource availability

55
Q

What does the immediate disturbance hypothesis state?

A

that moderate levels of disturbance foster greater species diversity than do high or low levels of disturbance

56
Q

What is ecological succession?

A

transitions in species composition in a certain area over ecological time

57
Q

What is primary succession?

A

when succession begins in a virtually lifeless area where soil has not yet formed

58
Q

What is a pioneer species?

A

the first species to colonize a new habit

59
Q

What is secondary succession?

A

succession that occurs when an existing community has been cleared by a disturbance that leaves the soil intat

60
Q

Most parries experience regular fires, typically every few years. If these disturbances were relatively modest, how would the species diversity of a prairie likely be affected if no burning occurred for 100 years? Why?

A

low level of disturbance ==> diversity would be expected to decline as competitively dominant species gain sufficient time to exclude less competitive species

61
Q

How does latitude effect diversity of a community?

A

plant and animal life are generally more abundant and diverse in the tropics

62
Q

How does are effect community diversity?

A

if all other factors are held equal, the larger the geographic area of a community, the more species it has in it

63
Q

why do islands provide excellent opportunities for studying the biogeographic factors that affect the species diversity of communities?

A

because of their isolation and limited size

64
Q

What two factors determine the number of species on an island?

A

the rate at which new species immigrate to the island and the rate at which new species become extinct

65
Q

What two features of an island effect the rates?

A

size and distance from the mainland

66
Q

What is the island equilibrium model?

A

small islands generally have lower immigration rates than large islands and higher extinction rates; the farther an island is from the mainland, the higher the rate of extinction

67
Q

How would you expect the richness of birds on islands to compare with the richness of snakes and lizards? Why?

A

Birds disperse to islands more often than snakes/lizards so they should have greater richness

68
Q
A

AP Biology (12 decks)

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