Chapter 5

Question 1

The sense organ’s detection of external physical stimuli and the transmission of information about these stimuli to the brain

Answer 1

Sensation

Question 2

The processing, organization, and interpretation of sensory signals in the brain; these processes result in your conscious experience of the world

Answer 2

Perception

Question 3

Specialized cells in the sense organs that detect physical stimulation from the external world and change that stimulation into information that the brain can process.

Answer 3

Sensory receptors

Question 4

The process by which sensory receptors change physical stimuli into neural signals that the brain can understand.

Answer 4

Transduction

Question 5

The smallest amount of physical stimuli required to detect a sensory input half of the time it is present.

Answer 5

Absolute threshold

Question 6

The minimum difference in physical stimulus required to detect a difference between sensory inputs.

Answer 6

Difference threshold

Question 7

A decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation of sensory receptors.

Answer 7

Sensory adaptation

Question 8

The adjustable, transparent structure behind the pupil; together with the cornea, the lens focuses light on the retina, resulting in crisp visual image.

Answer 8

Lens

Question 9

The thin inner surface of the back of the eyeball; this surface contains the sensory receptors.

Answer 9

Retina

Question 10

Sensory receptors is the retina that detect light waves and transduce them into signals that are processed in the brain as vision; rods responds best to low levels of illumination and, therefore, they do not support color vision or seeing fine detail.

Answer 10

Rods

Question 11

Sensory receptors isn’t he retina that detect light waves and transduce them into signals that are processed in the brain as vision; cones respond bests to higher levels of illumination and, therefore, they are responsible for seeing color and fine details.

Answer 11

Cones

Question 12

the idea that three types of cone receptors cells in the retina are responsible for color perception; each type responds optimally to different, but overlapping, ranges of wavelengths.

Answer 12

Trichromatic theory

Question 13

The idea that ganglion cells in the retina receive excitatory input from one type of cone and inhibitory input from another type of cone, creating the perception that some colors are opposites.

Answer 13

Opponent-process theory

Question 14

The visual system’s organization of features and regions to create the perception of a whole, unified object.

Answer 14

Grouping

Question 15

Perception based on the physical features of the stimulus.

Answer 15

Bottom-up Processing

Question 16

Perception based on knowledge, expectations, or past experiences.

Answer 16

Top-down processing

Question 17

Tendencies to perceive stimuli in specific ways that make sense given prior experiences and expectations.

Answer 17

Perceptual set

Question 18

Cues of depth perception that are based on input from both eyes together.

Answer 18

Binocular depth cues

Question 19

Cues of depth perception that are based on input from one eye alone.

Answer 19

Monocular depth cues

Question 20

Correctly perceiving objects as staying the same in their size, shoe, color, and brightness across viewing conditions that yield different physical input to the eyes.

Answer 20

Object constancy

Question 21

A thin membrane that marks the begging of the middle ear; sound waves causes the eardrum to vibrate.

Answer 21

Eardrum

Question 22

A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear that house the sensory receptors (hair cells).

Answer 22

Cochlea

Question 23

Sensory receptors located in the cochlea that detect sound waves and transduce them into signals that ultimately are processed in the brain as sound.

Answer 23

Hair cells

Question 24

The encoding of relatively low frequencies in the auditory system; sound waves are coded by matching the frequency of the waves with the speed (timing) of the firing of the auditory nerve. At higher frequencies, temporal coding s maintained by hair cells firing in volleys.

Answer 24

Temporal coding

Question 25

The encoding of different frequencies in the auditory system by hair cells in different locations (places) on the basilar membrane.

Answer 25

Place coding

Question 26

Structures located in papillae on the tongue that contain the taste receptors.

Answer 26

Taste buds

Question 27

Structures on the tongue that contain taste buds.

Answer 27

Papillae

Question 28

A thin layer of tissue, deep within the nasal cavity, containing he olfactory receptors; these sensory receptors produce information that is processed in the brain as smell.

Answer 28

Olfactory epithelium

Question 29

A brain structure above the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity; from this structure, the olfactory nerve Carrie’s information about smell to he brain.

Answer 29

Olfactory bulb

Question 30

Sensory receptors in the skin that decent the temperature of stimuli and transduce it into information processed in the brain as warmth.

Answer 30

Warm receptors

Question 31

Sensory receptors in the skin that detect the temperature of stimuli and ran such in into information processed in the brain as cold.

Answer 31

Cold receptors

Question 32

Sensory receptors in the skin that detect tactile stimulation and transduce in into information processed in the brain as different types of pressure on the skin.

Answer 32

Pressure receptors

Question 33

Sensory receptors in skin, muscles, organs, and membranes around bones and joints; these myelinated fibers quickly convey intense sensory input the brain, where it is perceived as sharp, immediate pain.

Answer 33

Fast fibers

Question 34

Sensory receptors in skin, muscles, organs, and membranes around ones and joints; these unmyelinated fibers slowly convey intense sensory input to the brain, where it is perceived as chronic, dull, steady pain.

Answer 34

slow fibers