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Biology&211 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

0
Q

Membranes that allow some substances to cross more easily than others perform what?

A

Selective permeability

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1
Q

Membranes that are composed of a bi- layer of phospholipids with embedded and attached proteins

A

Fluid mosaic

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2
Q

Molecules that vibrate randomly as a result of a type of energy called thermal motion. One result of this motion is called?

A

Diffusion - the tendency of particles of any kind to spread out evenly in an available space.

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3
Q

When molecules diffuse from the side with more molecules to the side with less molecules. This means a dye diffuses its ?

A

Concentration gradient

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4
Q

When a cell does not have to do work when molecules diffuse across its membrane.

A

Passive transport

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5
Q

What molecules diffuse easily across the phospholipid bi-layer of a membrane?

A

Co2 and O2

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6
Q

The physical model of the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane is?

A

Osmosis

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7
Q

The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water, this refers to a cells?

A

Tonicity

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8
Q

When a cell is immersed in a solution where the cells volume remains constant that cell is?

A

Isotonic

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9
Q

When a cell is placed in a solution where the solute concentration is lower than that of the cell. This solution is ?

A

Hypotonic

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10
Q

When a cell is in a solution that has a higher solute concentration than the water concentration, that solution is ?

A

Hypertonic

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11
Q

The control of water balance in a cell or animal is called ?

A

Osmoregulation

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12
Q

When polar or charged substances can move across a membrane with the help of specific transport proteins, this is called ?

A

Facilitated diffusion

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13
Q

The channel that helps transport proteins across a membrane is called ?

A

Aquaporin

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14
Q

When a cell must expend energy to move a solute across its concentration gradient, this is known as?

A

Active transport

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15
Q

Describe the process of active transport step by step

A

1) solute molecules on the the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane attach to specific binding sites on the transport protein.
2) ATP then transfers a phosphate group to the transport protein.
3) causing a protein to change shape in such a way that the solute is released on the other side of the membrane
4) the phosphate group detaches and the transport protein returns to its original shape

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16
Q

When a cell exports bulky materials such as proteins or polysaccharides, this is known as ?

A

Exocytosis

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17
Q

A transport process that is the opposite of exocytosis in such a way that the cell takes in large molecules, this is?

A

Endocytosis

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18
Q

When a cell engulfs a particle by wrapping extensions called pseudo ponies around it and packaging it within a membrane enclosed sac large enough to be called a vacuole. This is called?

A

Phagocytosis

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19
Q

When the cell gulps droplets of fluid into tiny vesicles, this is known as ?

A

Pinocytosis

20
Q

Receptor proteins for specific molecules are embedded in regions of the membrane that are lined by a layer of coat proteins. This is called?

A

Receptor mediated endocytosis

21
Q

The capacity to cause change or perform work is?

A

Energy

22
Q

The type of energy that is energy in motion?

A

Kinetic energy

23
Q

Thermal energy that is associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules

A

Heat

24
Q

The main form of energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or structure?

A

Potential energy

25
Q

The potential energy that is available for release in a chemical reaction ?

A

Chemical energy.

26
Q

The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter is known as?

A

Thermodynamics

27
Q

The first law of thermodynamics is ?

A

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed .

28
Q

The measure of disorder or randomness in energy is?

A

Entrophy

29
Q

The second law of thermodynamics is?

A

Energy conversions increase the entropy in the universe

30
Q

When cells use oxygen in reactions that release energy from fuel molecules. This process is known as .

A

Cellular respiration

31
Q

A chemical reaction that releases energy (energy outward)

A

Exergonic reaction

32
Q

A chemical reaction that requires a net input of energy is called?

A

Endergonic reaction

33
Q

The total count of an organism’s chemical reaction is called?

A

Metabolism

34
Q

A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds. This is a ?

A

Metabolic pathway

35
Q

Cells that use energy in Endergonic reactions to make molecules that do the work of cell is known as ?

A

Energy coupling

36
Q

What powers all nearly all forms of cellular work ?

A

ATP

37
Q

When a phosphate group is transferred from an ATP to some other molecule?

A

Phosphorylation

38
Q

The three main types of cellular work are?

A

Chemical, mechanical, and transport

39
Q

When energy is absorbed to contort or weaken bonds in reactant molecules so that they can break and new binds can form. This is called?

A

Activation energy

40
Q

Molecules that function as biological catalysts, increasing the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. These are called?

A

Enzymes

41
Q

The specific reactant that an enzyme acts on is called?

A

Substrate

42
Q

A substrate fits into a region of the enzyme called?

A

An active site

43
Q

The process of a catalytic cycle of an enzyme?

A

1) the enzyme starts with an empty active site
2) sucrose enters the active site, attaching by weak bonds. This causes the active sites shape to change slightly. Called an induced fit
3) the strained bond of sucrose reacts with the water and the substrate is hydrolyzed to the products glucose and fructose.
4) the enzyme releases the products and emerges unchanged from the reaction.

44
Q

Nonprotein factors that many enzymes require is called?

A

Cofactors

45
Q

If a cofactor is an organic molecule it is called a ?

A

Coenzyme

46
Q

A blank reduces an enzymes productivity by blocking substrate molecules from entering the active site

A

Competitive inhibitor

47
Q

A blank does not enter the active site, instead it binds to the enzyme somewhere else.

A

A non competitive inhibitor

48
Q

If a cell is producing more of that product than it needs, the product may act as an inhibitor of one of the enzymes early in the pathway. This is known as ?

A

Feedback inhibition

Biology&211 (3 decks)

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