Chapter 5

Question 0

William Dement

Answer 0

studied the abrupt moment we fall asleep

Question 1

Arnold Aserinsky

Answer 1

Man who first used an EEG to determine the REM sleep schedule, and ran many tests on this.

Question 2

consciousness

Answer 2

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

Question 3

circadian rhythm

Answer 3

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour-cycle

Question 4

REM sleep

Answer 4

rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also the muscles are relaxed, except for minor twitches, but bother body systems are active

Question 5

alpha waves

Answer 5

the relatively slow rain waves of a relaxed, awake state

Question 6

sleep

Answer 6

periodic, natural loss of consciousness as distinct from unconsciousness from a coma or hibernation or anesthesia

Question 7

hallucination

Answer 7

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of visual stimuli

Question 8

delta waves

Answer 8

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

Question 9

NREM sleep

Answer 9

non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages other than REM

Question 10

insomnia

Answer 10

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

Question 11

narcolepsy

Answer 11

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep

Question 12

sleep apnea

Answer 12

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

Question 13

night terrors

Answer 13

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.

Question 14

dream

Answer 14

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer;s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulty remembering it

Question 15

manifest content

Answer 15

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream

Question 16

latent content

Answer 16

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream

Question 17

REM rebound

Answer 17

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation.

Question 18

hypnosis

Answer 18

a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feeling, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

Question 19

posthypnotic suggestion

Answer 19

a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized

Question 20

dissociation

Answer 20

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.

Question 21

psychoactive drug

Answer 21

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

Question 22

tolerance

Answer 22

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses.

Question 23

withdrawal

Answer 23

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

Question 24

physical dependence

Answer 24

a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued

Question 25

psychological dependence

Answer 25

a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions

Question 26

addiction

Answer 26

compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences

Question 27

depressants

Answer 27

drugs such as alcohol, babiturates, and opiates that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

Question 28

barbituates

Answer 28

drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

Question 29

opiates

Answer 29

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin, they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Question 30

stimulants

Answer 30

drugs such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy, that excite neural activity and speed up bodily functions.

Question 31

amphetamines

Answer 31

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

Question 32

methamphetamine

Answer 32

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system with speeded up body functions and associated energy and mood changes, over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.

Question 33

Stanley Coren

Answer 33

Used daylight savings data to determine that sleep prevents accidents