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Psych 100B > Chapter 5 - Developing Through The Life Span > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Developing Through The Life Span Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental Psych

A

examines our physical, cognitive, and social development across the life span and focuses on three main issues: nature and nurture, continuity and stages, and stability and change.

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2
Q

Nature and Nurture

A

how does our genetic inheritance (nature) interact with our experiences (nurture) to influence our development?

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3
Q

Continuity and stages

A

researchers who see experience and learning as of great importance, see development as a slow continuous shaping process. Those who emphasize biological maturation see development as a sequence of genetically predisposed stages (the assumption that everyone goes through the same stages, in the same order, at the same time.

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4
Q

stability and change

A

what changes and what stays the same throughout the life span?
- temperament is one of the things that stays the same.
- social attitudes are more likely to change.
changes always happen. life requires both stability and change. stability provides our identity.

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5
Q

conception

A

when a female is born she is born with all her immature eggs. with a male, they start producing sperm once they are born. a mature egg is released and the sperm fight to connect with it. the one that wins bonds to the egg to make one cell.

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6
Q

Zygote

A

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo. there are 100 identical cells in the first week. then cells begin to differentiate. After 10 days, the zygote attaches to the mothers uterine wall, beginning approximately 37 weeks of the closest human relationship. the zygotes inner cells become the embryo

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7
Q

embryo

A

the developing human organism from about two weeks after fertilization through the second month. many of its outer cells become the placenta. over the next 6 weeks, the embryo organs begin to form and function. the heart begins to beat.

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8
Q

fetus

A

9 weeks after conception, an embryo is now human like. in the 6th month, organs have developed enough to give the fetus a good chance at survival if born prematurely.

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9
Q

teratogens

A

viruses and drugs that can damage the embryo or fetus

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10
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

lifelong physical and mental abnormalities that result from heavy drinking by the mother. alcohol leaves a chemical mark on DNA that switch genes on and off abnormally

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11
Q

prenatal stress

A

puts a child at risk for hypertension, heart disease, obesity, and psychiatric disorders

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12
Q

habituation

A

a decrease in responding with repeated stimulation. interest fades as they become familiar with something

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13
Q

maturation

A

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behaviour, relatively uninfluenced by behaviour.

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14
Q

brain development

A

you have your most brain cells when you are born. however neural networks develop as you walk, talk and remember things. from 3 to 6, the most rapid growth is in your frontal lobe, which enable rational planning. the association areas are the last to develop (those that are linked with thinking, memory and language). Adrenal hormones form synapses and prune unused links.

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15
Q

motor development

A

the sequence of motor development is usually universal. In the US, 25% of all babies walk by 11 months, 50% a week after their 1st bday, and 90% by 15 months. genes guide motor development

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16
Q

back to sleep position

A

babies sleep on their back to reduce the risk of smothering crib death and is later associated with crawling

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17
Q

maturation and the rapid development of the cerebellum

A

create the readiness at age 1 to walk

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18
Q

memory

A

our earliest conscious memory is at 3.5 years. by 7, childhood amnesia decreases and they can remember things better. the hippocampus and fontal lobes continue to mature into adolescence

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19
Q

Piaget

A

was intrigued to study kids wrong answers. and concluded that a Childs mind is entirely different than an adults and not a mini version of it. Piaget believed that a Childs mind develops through stages. an 8 year old can understand things that a toddler can’t. intellectual progression reflects struggle to make sense of our experiences.

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20
Q

schema

A

a concept that organizes and interprets info

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21
Q

assimilate

A

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

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22
Q

accommodation

A

adapting to our current schemas to incorporate new info

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23
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

from birth to age 2, babies take in the world through their senses and actions through looking, hearing, touching, mouthing and grasping. young infants lack object permanence

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24
Q

object permanence

A

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived. by 6-8 months, this is usually developed and it unfolds gradually.

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25
Q

pre operational stage

A

2-6 or 7 years old. a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete knowledge. They represent things with words or images. before 6 yrs old, children lack the concept of conservation

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26
Q

conservation

A

the principle that quantity stays the same despite changes in shape

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27
Q

egocentrism

A

a child has difficulty perceiving things from another’s point of view

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28
Q

curse of knowledge

A

the assumption that if we know something than others do too

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29
Q

theory of mind

A

peoples ideas of their own and others mental states - about their feelings, perceptions and thoughts, and the behaviours these might predict. as early as 7 months show some knowledge of this. 3-4.5 years realize that others may hold false beliefs

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30
Q

concrete operational

A

age 7-11. the stage of cognitive development where children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. they grasp conservation and comprehend mathematical transformations

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31
Q

formal operational

A

begins at age 12, beginning to think logically about abstract concepts

32
Q

Vygotsky

A

studied how a child’s mind feeds on the language of social interaction. talking to themselves helps children control their behaviour and emotions and master new skills

33
Q

autism spectrum disorder

A

appears in childhood and is naked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviours. 1 in 68 American children will develop this at age 8, however, it varies by place. ASD symptoms is a result of poor communication among the brain regions and they have an impaired theory of mind. have trouble reading faces and remembering them. more than 200 genes contribute to autism, also random genetic mutations in sperm-producing cells can also affect the chances. they can’t mirror people.

34
Q

stranger anxiety

A

begins at 8 months, where there is a fear of strangers

35
Q

critical period

A

optimal period early in life of an organism when exposed to certain stimuli or experiences produce normal development

36
Q

basic trust

A

according to Erickson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

37
Q

self concept

A

a positive sense of self developed by age 12. 18 month old recognize themselves in the mirror. by school age, they recognize their gender, psychological traits and their similarities/differences with other kids. by 8-10 their image is quite stable

38
Q

authoritarian parenting

A

parents are coercive. they impose rules and expect obedience.

39
Q

permissive parenting

A

parents are unrest raining. they may take a few demands and use little punishment

40
Q

authoritative parenting

A

parents are confrontative, demanding and responsive. they have control by setting rules but encourage open discussion and allow exceptions

41
Q

adolescence

A

transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

42
Q

puberty

A

beginning of adolescence, the period of sexual maturation when you become capable of reproducing

43
Q

early maturation

A

popularity amongst boys but later have a risk of alcohol use and premature sex. girls may associate with older girls and may suffer teasing and harassment

44
Q

teenage brain

A

pruning of unused neurons and connections. growth of frontal lobe (till 25) and myelin. Improving judgement, impulse control and long-term planning. pubertys hormonal surge and limbic system explain impulsiveness, emotion and risky behaviour. you dont end with the same teen brain that you start with.

45
Q

identity

A

our sense of self; according to Erikson the task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and intergrating various roles

46
Q

social identity

A

who you are that comes from group memberships

47
Q

emerging adulthood

A

18-mid 20s, in western cultures are no longer adolescences but have not yet achieved full independence as adults

48
Q

menopause

A

within a few years of 50. end of menstruation and reproductive abilities.

49
Q

exercise and aging

A

enhances muscles, bones and energy and prevents obesity and heart disease and maintains the telomeres that protect the chromosome ends. stimulates brain cell development and neural connections. reduces brain shrinkage. promotes birth of new cells in hippocampus

50
Q

cross sectional studies

A

study of people of different ages

51
Q

longitudinal studies

A

the same people are studied over a long period of time

52
Q

terminal decline

A

last years of life, cognitive decline and negative feelings increase

53
Q

neurocognitive disorder (dementia)

A

acquired disorders marked by cognitive deficits

54
Q

alzheimers

A

onset after 80, decline in memory. deterioration of acetylcholine

55
Q

social clock

A

culturally preferred timing of marriage, parenthood and retirement

56
Q

what activates the grasping reflex?

A

any touch to the palm

57
Q

how much weight can a baby support?

A

it can support its entire body weight

58
Q

what must the baby learn to do regarding the grasping reflex?

A

it must learn to let go

59
Q

does the grasping reflex continue throughout life?

A

as the baby matures, involuntary reflexes are replaced by conscious thoughts and movements (gone by age 3)

60
Q

how does the baby’s brain process faces?

A

first, it recognizes that an image is a face, then it recognizes the emotion. these two parts carry out in different parts of the baby’s brain

61
Q

what is the “diagonal crawl”?

A

is when the baby moves opposite limbs together

62
Q

how many styles of crawling have researchers differentiated?

A

seven

63
Q

what is the second crawling style?

A

the ‘elephant crawl’ which is only one limb moved at a time

64
Q

has Karen Adolph discovered that crawling babies are afraid to go down any angled slope

A

no, she found that they are able to judge (for the most part) whether a slope is safe to go down or not; they estimate the steepness both visually and with their hands. they may go down a moderately steep slope backwards to make the trip safer

65
Q

do one-year-old children recognize themselves in a mirror?

A

no, 1 year olds do not. because they dont have a firm sense of self at this age.

66
Q

do two and a half year olds recognize themselves in a mirror?

A

yes, and they also use words like ‘I’, ‘me’, ‘mine’, that indicate they know they are separate people from everyone else

67
Q

according to Michael lewis, what percentage of 3 yr old children will peek at an interesting toy when told not to, and then lie about peaking afterwards?

A

about 70% will do both

68
Q

do the smartest kids tend to lie more or less? why?

A

smarter kids tend to lie more because they know that if they peak when they are not to, they may get punished if they get caught, and one possible way to avoid punishment is to lie

69
Q

what must children understand about what the experimenter knows in order to believe lying might be a good strategy to avoid punishment?

A

that the experimenter does not know whether they peaked or not. the child must have a relatively accurate working model of what is going on in the head of other people to do this: a theory of mind. most younger 3 year olds do not have this, four year olds do.

70
Q

in the sorting task by Adele Diamond, why do three-year olds have trouble learning additional rules and what is this called?

A

because they seem to get “stuck” on the first rule. this is called attentional inertia - the child is unable to redirect her attention from one dimension to another. the child can’t get their attention off of what has been relevant before

71
Q

stepping reflex

A

perhaps a precursor to walking

72
Q

babinski reflex

A

toes fan out when the bottom of a babies foot is stroked

73
Q

grasping reflex

A

seen when pressure is placed on a baby’s hand

74
Q

moro reflex

A

when startled or dropped baby will spread his/her arms inward and then outward.

75
Q

wisdom across the life span - Americans

A

there is a positive relationship between wise reasoning scores and age. older adults tended to have greater wise-reasoning scores for intergroup and interpersonal conflicts

76
Q

wisdom across the life span - Japanese

A

there is no relationship between wise-reasoning scores and age. age was not related to wise-reasoning scores for intergroup and interpersonal conflicts in Japan

77
Q

Renee Baillargeon

A

babies can recognize impossible events, thereby demonstrating object permenance/reasoning earlier than Piaget thought.
children can also count - showed that children stare longer at the wrong # of objects than the right ones

Psych 100B (9 decks)

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