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HSC 308: Exam #3 > Chapter 5: Endocrine > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Endocrine Flashcards

0
Q

nervous system uses ________

A

NT

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1
Q

neuroendocrinology: neuroendocrine system

A
  • endocrine system releases hormones

- nervous system uses neurotransmitters

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2
Q

endocrine system releases _______

A

hormones

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3
Q

endocrine glands

A

release hormones directly into the blood stream

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4
Q

hormones

A

-alter the activity of tissues that possess receptors to which the hormone can bind
- several classes based on chemical makeup
amino acid derivatives
peptides/proteins
steroids

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5
Q

2 control systems of the body

A

endocrine and nervous system

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6
Q

many hormones act as _____

A

NT

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7
Q

many diseases are _______ diseases

A

receptor

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8
Q

steroids can make their way into cell’s whereas ______ have to bind

A

peptides

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9
Q

blood hormone concentration: the effect of a hormone on a tissue is determined by the ________

A

plasma concentration

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10
Q

insulin is made in the _______ (in pancreas)

A

islets of langerhan

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11
Q

hormone-receptor interactions

A
  • hormones only affect tissue with specific receptors**
  • magnitude of effect dependent on concentration of the hormone, # of receptors on the cell, and affinity of the receptor for the hormone
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12
Q

hormone-receptor interactions: downregulation

A

decrease in receptor number in response to high concentration of hormone

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13
Q

hormone-receptor interactions: upregulation

A

increase in receptor number in response to low concentration of hormone

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14
Q

thyroid hormone - overall _____

A

metabolism

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15
Q

you have to have ______ in order to make thyroid hormone

A

iodine

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16
Q

diabetes type 2 - problem with the _____

A

receptor

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17
Q

takes longer to effect the _______ when tearing them dow or building them up. Hormones work faster

A

receptor

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18
Q

mechanisms of hormone action: altering membrane transport

A

insulin

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19
Q

altering activity of DNA to modify protein synthesis

A

steroid hormones

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20
Q

activating 2nd messenger via G protein

A

cAMP
Ca^2+
inositol triphosphate
diacylglycerol

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21
Q

tyrosine kinase

A

insulin and GH

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22
Q

anabolic steroids

A

build muscle protein; actually enter the nucleus and start to have the nucleus initiate protein sythesis

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23
Q

when you have a 2nd messenger, hormone _____ enter cell, it _____ to receptor

A

does not

binds

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24
Q

steroid hormone

A

nonpolar (dont dissolve in H2O)

needs to be carried by a carrier protein

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25
Q

_____ can either bind to receptor on cell or enter nucleus

A

hormones

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26
Q

hormones: regulation and action

A

hormones are secreted from endocrine glands

  • hypothalamus and pituitary glands
  • thyroid and parathyroid glands
  • adrenal glands
  • pancreas
  • testes and ovaries
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27
Q

hormones are secreted from the _________ glands

A

endocrine

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28
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls secretions from pituitary gland (releasing hormones)

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29
Q

anterior pituitary gland - hormones associated with it

A
  • ACTH
  • FSH
  • LH
  • MSH
  • TSH
  • GH
  • Prolactin
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30
Q

Posterior gland - hormones associated with it

A

oxytocin

ADH

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31
Q

pituitary gland gets classified as part of the _______ gland (hormonal)

A

endocrine

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32
Q

pituitary gland is also known as the _______ gland

A

master

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33
Q

most important gland is the one that ___________

A

is acting up

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34
Q

______ causes release of T3 and T4

A

TSH

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35
Q

where brain communication occurs most - ________

A

pituitary gland

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36
Q

hypothalamus - function

A
  • stimulates release of hormones from anterior pituitary gland (releasing hormones or factors)
  • provides hormones for release from posterior pituitary gland
  • also makes hormones for posterior pituitary gland
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37
Q

anterior pituitary gland - ACTH

A

stimulates cortisol release from adrenal glands

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38
Q

anterior pituitary gland - FSH

A

during menstration

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39
Q

anterior pituitary gland - LH

A

stimulates production of testosterone and estrogen

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40
Q

anterior pituitary gland - TSH

A

controls thyroid hormone release from thyroid gland

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41
Q

primary effects of testosterone and estrogen -

A

gonads

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42
Q

GH - function

A
  • stimulates release of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)
  • essential growth of all tissues - amino acid uptake and protein synthesis, long bone growth
  • spares plasma glucose - reduces the use of plasma glucose, increases gluconeogenesis, mobilizes FFA from adipose tissue
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43
Q

GH : IGF-1 in muscle responsible for ________

A

muscle growth

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44
Q

GH: spares plasma glucose

A
  • reduces the use of plasma glucose
  • increases gluconeogenesis
  • mobilizes FFA from adipose tissue
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45
Q

important reason to give a human GH

A

not producing a lot of it (Little People)

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46
Q

acromaglia

A

result of too much GH (often die of heart attacks)

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47
Q

GH and performance: GH _____ protein synthesis in muscle and long bone growth

A
  • Increases
  • used to treat childhood dwarfism
  • also used by athletes and elderly
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48
Q

_____: more adverse effects than benefits

A

GH

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49
Q

_____: difficult to detect usage by athletes

A

GH

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50
Q

posterior pituitary gland: oxytocin

A
  • contractions and mammary glands

- also long term pain

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51
Q

posterior pituitary gland: ADH

A
  • reduces water loss from body to maintain plasma volume
  • favors reabsorption of water from kidney tubules to capillaries
  • release stimulated by high plasma osmolality and low plasma volume: due to sweat loss without water replacement
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52
Q

ADH: _____ during exercise > 60% VO2 max

A

increases

- to maintain plasma volume

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53
Q

when you sweat - plasma volume _____

A

decreases

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54
Q

sweat is ______ relative to blood

A

hypotonic

- not as salty as blood

55
Q

Thyroid gland: stimulated by _______

A

TSH ( coming from pituitary)

56
Q

T3 and T4 - Thyroid Gland

A

establishment of metabolic rate!!!!!!!!

  • permissive hormones
    • permit full effect of other hormones
57
Q

Thyroid Gland - Calcitonin

A

regulation of plasma Ca2+

- blocks release from bone, stimulates excretion by kidneys

58
Q

Thyroid Gland - Parathyroid hormone

A
  • primary hormone in plasma Ca^2+ regulation

- stimulates release from bone, stimulates reabsorption by kidneys

59
Q

hypothyroid

A

decreased metabolic rate

60
Q

hyperthyroid

A

increased metabolic rate

61
Q

high levels of calcium (thyroid)=

A

high levels (increases) calcitonin

62
Q

low levels of calcium (thyroid) =

A

PTH will stimulate release of Ca+ and increase absorption

63
Q

feedback system for Ca+ (thyroid) =

A

calcitonin and PTH

64
Q

adrenal medulla

A
  • secretes the catecholamines
    • E and NE
    • fast-acting hormones
    • part of fight or flight response
  • bind to adrenergic receptors
    • alpha
    • beta
  • effects depend on hormone used and receptor type
65
Q

epinephrine =

A

adrenaline

66
Q

enzymes are protein and operate via ____

A

second messenger

67
Q

adrenal cortex

A
  • secretes steroid hormones (derived from cholesterol)
  • mineral corticoids
    • aldosterone
    • maintenance of plasma Na+ and K+
  • glucocorticoids
    • cortisol
    • regulation of plasma glucose
  • sex steroids
    • androgens and estrogens
    • support prepubescent growth
68
Q

cortex secretes ______ whereas medulla secretes ______

A

steroids

hormones

69
Q

Na+ and K+ is important so you can generate ______

A

action potentials

70
Q

you often see levels of E and NE secreted when _______ is secreted

A

cortisol

71
Q

aldosterone

A
  • control of Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion (Na+/H2O balance)
  • regulation of blood volume and blood pressure
    • part of renin-angiotension-aldosterone system
    • all 3 hormones increase during exercise
72
Q

aldosterone: stimulated by ……..

A
  • increase K+ concentration

- decrease plasma volume

73
Q

anything that deals with H2O balance also affects ______

A

blood pressure

74
Q

ace inhibitors

A

prevents the conversion of angiotension I –> angiotension II
- most common BP controller medication

75
Q

cortisol

A
  • maintenance of plasma glucose
    • promotes protein breakdown for gluconeogenesis
    • stimulates FFA mobilization
    • blocks uptake of glucose into cells *****
      - promotes the use of FFA as fuel
76
Q

cortisol - stimulated by ………..

A
  • stress via ACTH
    • part of general adaptation syndrome
  • exercise
77
Q

cortisol is extremely ________

A

powerful

- dont want to secrete it if you dont have to

78
Q

adipose tissue is an endocrine gland

A
  • in addition to storing triglycerides, adipose tissue also secretes hormones
    • leptin
    • influences appetite through the hypothalamus
    • enhances insulin sensitivity and fatty acid oxidation
79
Q

adipose tissue is an endocrine organ - adiponectin

A
  • increase insulin sensitivity and fatty acid oxidation
80
Q

with increased fat mass (obesity) - cortisol

A
  • higher leptin levels

- leads to type 2 diabetes and low-grade inflammation

81
Q

adipose tissue secretes ______

A

hormones

82
Q

Pancreas - secretes ……..

A
  • insulin (from beta cells)
    • promotes storage of glucose, amino acids, and fats
    • lack of insulin is called diabetes mellitus
  • glucagon (from alpha cells)
    • promotes mobilization of fatty acids and glucose
  • somatostatin
    • controls rate of entry of nutrients into the circulation
  • digestive enzymes and bicarbonate (exocrine)
    • into the small intestine
83
Q

testes and ovaries: testosterone

A
  • released from testes
  • anabolic steroid
    • promotes tissue (muscle) building
    • performance enhancement
  • androgenic steroid
  • promotes masculine characteristics
84
Q

testes and ovaries: estrogen and progesterone

A
  • released from ovaries
  • establish and maintain reproductive function
  • levels vary throughout the menstrual cycle
85
Q

anabolic steroids and performance

A
  • initial studies showed no benefit for developing muscle mass
  • also associated with negative side effects
  • widespread use has led to testing of competitive athletes
  • most users are not competitive athletes
86
Q

muscle as an endocrine gland: skeletal muscle produces ______ when it contracts

A

myokines

87
Q

muscle as an endocrine gland: stimulate _________ and fatty acid oxidation

A

glucose uptake

88
Q

muscle as an endocrine gland: promote ________ growth in muscle

A

blood vessel

89
Q

muscle as an endocrine gland: promote __________ and triglyceride breakdown

A

liver glucose production

90
Q

muscle as an endocrine gland: interleukin 6

A

both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory

  • IL-6 produced during exercise promotes anti-inflammatory effect
  • regular exercise promotes anti-inflammatory environment
91
Q

regular exercise promotes ___________ environment

A

anti-inflammatory

92
Q

muscle glycogen utilization: glycogenolysis is related to ________

A

exercise intensity

93
Q

muscle glycogen utilization: plasma epinephrine is a powerful stimulator of ___________

A

glycogenolysis

94
Q

muscle glycogen utilization: high-intensity exercise results in greater _____ in plasma epinephrine

A

increase

95
Q

the harder you are working, the faster you break down _______ (relative to your max/intensity)

A

glycogen

96
Q

direct relationship between ________ depletion during exercise

A

glycogen

97
Q

control of muscle glycogen utilization: breakdown of muscle glycogen under dual control

A
  • Epinephrine - cyclic AMP
    • via beta adrenergic receptors
  • Calcium - calmodulin
    • enhanced during exercise due to Calcium release from SR
98
Q

you want to have as much _____ in your body as you can to perform exercises

A

glycogen

99
Q

feedback on the utilization of glycogen

A

calmodulin and epinephrine

100
Q

blood glucose homeostasis during exercise: plasma glucose maintained through 4 processes

A
  • mobilization of glucose from liver glycogen stores
  • mobilization of FFA from adipose tissue (spares blood glucose)
  • gluconeogenesis from amino acids, lactic acid, and glycerol
  • blocking the entry of glucose into cells (slows entry - forces use of FFA as fuel)
101
Q

blood glucose homeostasis during exercise: controlled by hormones

A
  • permissive or slow-acting
    • Thyroxine, cortisol, and growth hormone
  • fast-acting
    • E, NE, and insulin, glucagon
102
Q

hypoglycemia

A

will pass out

plasma glucose levels

103
Q

hyperglycemia

A

where diabetes comes about
dont occur into late adulthood
plasma glucose levels

104
Q

breaking down ___________ helps glucose metabolism because it spares glucose

A

triglycerides

105
Q

thyroid hormones

A

act in a permissive manner to allow other hormones to exert their full effect

  • T3 enhances effect of E to mobilize FFA from adipose tissue
  • no real change in T3 and T4 during exercise
106
Q

cortisol - _____ acting hormone

A

slow

107
Q

cortisol - effects

A
  • stimulate FFA mobilization from adipose tissue
  • enhance gluconeogenesis in liver
  • decrease the rate of glucose utilization by cells
108
Q

cortisol - effect of exercise

A
  • decrease during low-intensity exercise

- increase during high-intensity exercise (above ~60% VO2 max)

109
Q

changes in cortisol may be related to repair of ________ - _______

A

exercise-induced

110
Q

cortisol - ______ during low-intensity exercise

A

decreases

111
Q

cortisol - ____ during high-intensity exercise

A

increases

112
Q

Growth Hormone - ______ acting hormone

A

slow

113
Q

Growth Hormone - effects

A
  • supports the action of cortisol
    decrease glucose uptake by tissues
    increase FFA mobilization
    enhances gluconeogenesis in liver
114
Q

Growth Hormone - exercise effect

A
  • increase in plasma GH with increased intensity

- greater response in trained runners

115
Q

Growth Hormone - enhances ______

A

cortisol

116
Q

the more fit you are and at a higher intensity, you will secrete more _________

A

Growth Hormone

117
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine - ______ acting hormones

A

fast

118
Q

E and NE

A

maintain blood glucose during exercise

  • muscle glycogen mobilization
  • increase liver glucose mobilization
  • increase FFA mobilization
  • interfere with glucose uptake
119
Q

E and NE can be controlled by ________

A

perceptions

120
Q

plasma E and NE ____ during exercise

A

increase

- also related to increase HR and BP during exercise

121
Q

____ plasma E and NE following training

A

decreased

122
Q

E and NE spare _______ in the blood

A

glucose

123
Q

Insulin and Glucagon - _______ acting hormones

A

fast

124
Q

insulin and glucagon - insulin

A

uptake and storage of glucose and FFA fuels
plasma concentration decreases during exercise
decrease insulin response following training

125
Q

insulin and glucagon - glucagon

A

mobilization of glucose and FFA fuels
plasma concentration increases during exercise
decrease response following training

126
Q

“anti-insulin”

A

insulin and glucagon secretion influenced by catecholamines

127
Q

low plasma glucose = secrete _______ (insulin and glucagon)

A

glucagon

128
Q

insulin and glucagon: plasma glucose increases

A

stimulates insulin and increases

129
Q

exercise has ________ effect (insulin and glucagon)

A

permissive

130
Q

Hormone - substrate interaction: FFA mobilization dependent on _________

A

hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)

131
Q

Hormone - substrate interaction: FFA mobilization ____ during heavy exercise

A

decreases

- this occurs in spite of persisting hormonal stimulation for FFA mobilization

132
Q

hormone - substrate interaction: may be due to……….

A
  • high levels of lactic acid (promotes resynthesis of triglycerides)
  • elevated H+ concentration inhibits HSL
  • inadequate blood flow to adipose tissue
  • insufficient albumin to transport FFA in plasma
133
Q

dont regulate fat as well as you do _____ burning

A

glucose

134
Q

during heavy exercise, you primarily utilize _______

A

glucose

135
Q

albumin

A

plasma protein, transports fats

- if you dont have enough albumin, can’t hold enough fat = dont burn as much fat since it cant get into the cell

HSC 308: Exam #3 (1 decks)

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