Chapter 5/Tutorial

Question 1

Twin Studies MZ/DZ

Answer 1

• Clones do exist , in the form of twins
• Dizygotic (DZ) twins result from two sperm fertilizing two eggs (“no more genetically similar than any other pair of full
siblings”)
Share 50% of the 1% of DNA that explains variation in statistics
• Monozygotic (MZ) twins result from single sperm fertilizing single egg, which then cleaves and becomes two separate zygotes (“two genetically identical babies”)
Share 100% of the 1% of DNA that explains variation in statistics

Question 2

Search for Concordance

Answer 2

• Concordance = degree to which related pairs exhibit a particular trait, behavior or characteristic
• If MZ twins exhibit an 85% concordance rate , and DZ twins exhibit only a 15% concordance rate, then the trait, behavior or characteristic may be said to have an “inherited” component
• If the concordance rate is the same for MZ and DZ twins , then the trait, behavior or characteristic is more likely to have an “environmental” component

Question 3

Neurotransmitters

Answer 3

Dopamine

• pleasure
• reward
• motivation

Serotonin
-obsessions/compulsions
-memory
Norepinephrine
-alertness
Concentration
Energy

Question 4

Hormones

Answer 4

• Hormones (stored in glands) are part of our body chemistry, not our brain chemistry
• Hormones are released into the blood stream, and are circulated throughout body
• Examples of hormones include insulin, cortisol, testosterone

Question 5

Cortisol

Answer 5

• Cortisol “is released during stress and is also involved in autonomic arousal”
• Low cortisol levels have been linked to anti-social behavior in children, inability to cope with stress
• Individuals with low cortisol levels may not respond to punishment, and/or may not comprehend cause-effect relationship between misbehavior and punishment.

Question 6

Henry Goddard/ The Kallikaks

Answer 6

• Early positivists argued that there was a connection feeble mindedness and criminality
• One example would be Henry Goddard’s work on the Kallikaks ,”two families fathered by the same man”
• Two quite different outcomes – children fathered with Quaker wife were “normal”; children fathered with barmaid wife were “feeble-minded,” and prone to criminality
• Led Goddard to argue that feeblemindedness was inherited, and that feeblemindedness (low IQ0 contributed to criminality

Question 7

Intelligence and Crime

Answer 7

• In 1977, Hirschi and; Hindelang published a study entitled: “intelligence and Delinquency: A Revisionist Review”
• Hirschi and; Hindelang reported on six (then recent) studies on relationship between IQ and delinquency
• Concluded that IQ was as least as important as race and social class in predicting delinquency
• Also concluded that differences between race and class did not account for differences in IQ

Question 8

Pyschoanalysis and crime

Answer 8

• Sigmund Freud was the founder of psychoanalysis , also referred to as the “psychodynamic approach”
• Although Freud did not specifically study crime and deviance, subsequent psychoanalysts did study crime and deviance

Question 9

Freudian Criminology

Answer 9

• Attributing criminality to problems with child-rearing (poor parenting)
• Neurotic offenders (superego commit crimes in order to be punished)
• Impulsive (pleasure-seeking hedonistic), weak ego fails to control behaviour
• Pyschopathic personality results from when superego fails to develop properly

Came from Sigmund Freud
Played with idea of psychoanalysis, explain your different behaviors later in life, based on how you were treated earlier in your life