Chapter 5 Vocab

Question 1

Republic

Answer 1

Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate

Question 2

Senate

Answer 2

A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families
Originally an advisory body to the early kings
In the era of the Roman Republic the Senate effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire
Under Senate leadership, Rome conquered an empire of unprecedented extender n the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea

Question 3

Patron/ client relationship

Answer 3

A fundamental social relationship in which he patron- a wealthy and powerful individual- provided legal and economic protection fans assistance to clients, men of lesser status and means, and in return the clients supported the political careers and economic interests of their patron

Question 4

Principiate

Answer 4

Term used to characterize Roman government in the first three centuries AD, based on the title ‘principes’ that Augustus took meaning ‘first citizen’

Question 5

Augustus

Answer 5

Honorific name of Octavian, founder of the Principiate, the military dictatorship that replaced the failing rule of the Roman Senate
After defeating all rivals he laid the groundwork for several centuries of stability and prosperity in the empire

Question 6

Equites

Answer 6

Prosperous landowners second in wealth and status to the senatorial aristocracy
Roman empires allied with this group to counterbalance the influence of the old aristocracy and used the equites to staff the imperial civil service

Question 7

Pax Romana

Answer 7

‘Roman Peace’
Stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the lands of the empire in the first two centuries
Movement of people and trade goods along the Roman roads and safe seas allowed for the spread of cultural practices, technologies, and religious ideas

Question 8

Romanization

Answer 8

The process by which the Latin language and Roman culture became dominant in western provinces
Usually indigenous populations chose to Romanize for politicos and economic advantages as well as the allure of Roman success

Question 9

Jesus

Answer 9

Jew from Galilee
Sought to reform Jewish beliefs and practices
Executed by the Romans as a revolutionary
Hailed as the Messiah and the Son of God
Central figure in Christianity, a belief system that developed centuries after his death

Question 10

Paul

Answer 10

A Jew from the Greek city of Tarsus in Anatolia
Initially persecuted the followers of Jesus
Had a revelation on the road to Syrian Damascus and became a Christian
Had a Hellenized background and a Roman citizenship
Traveled through Syria-Palestine, Anatolia, and Greece preaching the new religion and establishing churches
Found greatest success with Gentiles ( non-Jews) he began the process of separating Christianity from Judaism

Question 11

Aqueduct

Answer 11

A conduit, either elevated or underground, that used gravity to carry water from a source to a location ( usually a city) that needed it
Many we’re built during period of substantial urbanization

Question 12

Third Century Crisis

Answer 12

Political, military, and economic turmoil that beset the empire during the third century AD
Frequent changes of ruler, civil wars, barbarian invasions, decline of urbane centers, and near destruction of long distance trade and the monetary economy
After 284 Diocletian restored order by making fundamental changes

Question 13

Constantine

Answer 13

Emperor
Reunited the Roman Empire
Moved the capital to Constantinople (Byzantium)
Made Christianity the favored religion

Question 14

Qin

Answer 14

A people and state in the Wei Valley of eastern China that conquered rival states and created the first Chinese empire
The Qin ruler standardized many features of Chinese society and ruthlessly marshaled subjects for military and construction projects
Engendered hostility that led to the fall of his dynasty shortly after his death
The Qin framework was largely taken over by the Han empire

Question 15

Shi Huangdi

Answer 15

Founder of the Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese empire
Remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states, standardization of practices, and forcible organization of labor
His tomb contains an army of life size terracotta statues and has been partially excavated

Question 16

Han

Answer 16

A term used to designate the ethnic Chinese people who originated in the Yellow River Valley and spread throughout China
The dynasty of emperors who ruled from 202 BC to 220 AD

Question 17

Xiongnu

Answer 17

Confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of Ancient China
Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses and stratagems to ward off these ‘barbarians’
They were dispersed in the first century AD

Question 18

Gaozu

Answer 18

The throne name of Liu Bang

A rebel who brought down the Qin and founded the Han dynasty

Question 19

Sima Qiana

Answer 19

Chief astrologer for the Han dynasty emperor Wu
He composed a monumental history of China from its legendary origins to his own time
Is regard as the the Chinese “father of history”

Question 20

Chang’an

Answer 20

City in the Wei valley
Became the capital of the Qin and early Han empires
It’s main features were imitated in the cities and towns that sprang up throughout the Han empire

Question 21

Gentry

Answer 21

In China, the class of prosperous families
Next in wealth below the rural aristocrats
From which the emperors drew their administrative personnel
Respected for their education and experience
Became a privileged group
Made the government more efficient and responsible