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Honors Bio > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Brown fat has a short circuit which generates only _____, not _____

A

heat, ATP

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2
Q

Lactic acid arises in _______ activity

A

anaerobic

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3
Q

What happens in the cytosol?

A

Glycolysis

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4
Q

What happens in the matrix of mitochondria?

A

Citric acid cycle

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5
Q

What happens in the inner mitochondria membrane?

A

Electron transport chain

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6
Q

What do chemoautotrophs do?

A

Oxidize inorganic compounds

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7
Q

What do photoautotrophs do?

A

They use light energy and convert it into chemical energy

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8
Q

What do primary consumers eat?

A

Producers (ex: herbivores)

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9
Q

What do secondary consumers do?

A

Eat primary consumers (Ex: carnivores, omnivores, decomposers)

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10
Q

In almost all ecosystems, energy ultimately comes from the _____

A

Sun

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11
Q

What type of a reaction is an anabolic reaction?

A

Non-spontaneous endergonic

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12
Q

What type of a reaction is a catabolic reaction?

A

Spontaneous exergonic

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13
Q

Give examples of photoautotrophs.

A

Plants, algae, and bacteria

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14
Q

Give examples of chemoautotrophs.

A

Archaea

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15
Q

The splitting of glucose is ______

A

glycolysis

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16
Q

Photosynthesis is an ______ reaction

A

anabolic

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17
Q

In cellular respiration, ______ is broken down to _______ and _______

A

sugar, carbon dioxide and water

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18
Q

The cell in cellular respiration captures some released energy to make ______

A

ATP

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19
Q

An exchange of gases is called _______

A

respiration

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20
Q

The aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules by cells is _______

A

cellular respiration

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21
Q

Chemical formula for cellular respiration

A

Glucose + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP + Heat

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22
Q

What type of chemical reaction is cellular respiration? (exergonic, endergonic)

A

Exergonic

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23
Q

Cellular respiration can produce up to ______ molecules for each glucose molecule

A

32 ATP

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24
Q

Cellular respiration uses about ______ % of the energy originally stored in glucose, and releases the other _______ % as heat.

A

34, 66

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25
Q

Only about ______ % of the energy in gasoline produces the kinetic energy of movement

A

25

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26
Q

A Calorie (Capital C) is a ______

A

kilocalorie

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27
Q

The average adult human needs about ______ kcal of energy per day

A

2200

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28
Q

About ______ % of these calories is used to maintain a healthy body, and the remaining ______% is used to power physical activities

A

75, 25

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29
Q

An electron loses _______ when it is transferred to oxygen

A

potential energy

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30
Q

The energy released from glucose is dissipated as _______ and _______

A

heat, light

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31
Q

The movement of electrons from one molecule to another is a _______

A

redox reaction

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32
Q

The loss of electrons in a redox reaction is _______

A

oxidation

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33
Q

The addition of electrons to another substance in a redox reaction is _______

A

reduction

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34
Q

Glucose loses its hydrogen atoms and becomes ______

A

CO2

35
Q

Oxygen gains hydrogen atoms and becomes _______

A

H2O

36
Q

Important player in the process of oxidizing glucose is a coenzyme that accepts electrons

A

NAD+

37
Q

NAD+ becomes reduced to _______

A

NADH

38
Q

NADH carries electrons and H+ ions to the ______

A

Electron transport chain in the inner mitochondria

39
Q

At the bottom of the hill in the electron transport chain is _______

A

oxygen

40
Q

What does oxygen do in an electron transport chain?

A

They accept two electrons, pick up two H+, and become reduced to water

41
Q

Describe glycolysis.

A

A single molecule of glucose (6 carbons) is turned into two molecules of pyruvate (3 carbons), two molecules of NAD+ are reduced to two molecules of NADH, and there is a net gain of two molecules of ATP

42
Q

Describe the energy investment phase in glycolysis.

A

Two ATP molecules are used to energize a glucose molecule, which is then split into small sugars which is called G3P (Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate)

43
Q

Describe the energy pay-off phase in glycolysis.

A

Two NADH molecules are produced for each initial glucose molecule and four ATP molecules are generated

44
Q

There is a net gain of ____ ATP molecules for each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis

A

2

45
Q

How is the pyruvate in glycolysis transported?

A

From the cytosol into a mitochondrion

46
Q

Describe the chemical grooming that pyruvate undergoes.

A

A carboxyl group is removed and given off as CO2, the two-carbon compound remaining is oxidized while a molecule of NAD+ is reduced to NADH, and coenzyme A joins with two-carbon group to form acetyl coenzyme A, then two molecules of acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle

47
Q

NAD+ ______ electrons

A

accepts

48
Q

Pyruvate oxidation ______ electrons

A

loses

49
Q

Describe oxidative phosphorylation.

A

Electrons from NADH and FADH2 travel down the electron transport chain to O2, where oxygen picks up H+ which forms water. Energy is released by these redox reactions to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space.

50
Q

Oxygen and reduction _______

A

occur at the same time

51
Q

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose breakdown?

A

ATP

52
Q

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?

A

2

53
Q

Pyruvate is oxidized into

A

acetyl CoA

54
Q

Oxidation requires

A

the removal of high energy electrons

55
Q

How many ATPs are made per G3P?

A

2

56
Q

In steps 1-4 of glycolysis, glucose is made into

A

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

57
Q

The citric acid cycle begins when Acetyl CoA

A

bonds to oxaloacetate, a 4 carbon molecule

58
Q

The citric acid cycle occurs _____ times per glucose molecule.

A

2

59
Q

Per acetyl group, ____ NADH and ____ FADH2 are also generated.

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH2

60
Q

After the citric acid cycle, the overall yield per glucose molecule is

A

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

61
Q

After glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, the cell has gained

A

4 ATP, 10 NADH, 2 FADH2

62
Q

Most ATP production in cellular respiration is by

A

oxidative phosphorylation

63
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation involves

A

electron transport and chemiosmosis

64
Q

The final electron acceptor is

A

oxygen

65
Q

What do proton pumps do?

A

Pump hydrogen ions across the membrane

66
Q

Proton pumps require

A

energy from the high energy electrons

67
Q

Movement of protons down their concentration gradient and through ATP synthase is called

A

chemiosmosis

68
Q

A turbine that spins to phosphorylate ADP and phosphate into ATP

A

ATP synthase

69
Q

How much ATP does glycolysis produce at the substrate level?

A

2 ATP

70
Q

How much ATP does glycolysis produce at the oxidative level?

A

6 ATP

71
Q

How much ATP does the intermediate step produce at the substrate level?

A

0 ATP

72
Q

How much ATP does the intermediate step produce at the oxidative level?

A

6 ATP

73
Q

How much ATP does the Kreb’s cycle produce at the substrate level?

A

2 ATP

74
Q

How much ATP does the Kreb’s cycle produce at the oxidative level?

A

4 ATP

75
Q

If oxygen is not present, pyruvate

A

cannot be transported into the mitochondrion

76
Q

Glycolysis yields a total of how much ATP and NADH?

A

2 ATP, 2 NADH

77
Q

Alcohol fermentation breaks down pyruvate into ____ and is seen in

A

a 2-carbon ethanol + CO2, yeast

78
Q

During alcohol fermentation,

A

NADH is oxidized to NAD+ and H+, allowing glycolysis to proceed

79
Q

Lactic acid fermentation breaks down pyruvate into

A

a 3-carbon lactic acid

80
Q

Anaerobes can produce up to ____ ATP per molecule

A

2

81
Q

Obligate anaerobes are

A

poisoned by oxygen

82
Q

Example of obligate anaearobe

A

Clostridium tetanil

83
Q

Facualtative anaerobes can survive …

A

with or without oxygen

84
Q

Most ATP production in cellular respiration is by

A

oxidative phosphorylation

Honors Bio (21 decks)

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