Chapter 6

Question 1

A change in behavior, resulting from experience.

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

A school of thought that emphasizes the role of environmental forces in producing behavior.

Answer 2

Behaviorism

Question 3

A decrease in behavioral response after lengthy or repeated exposure to a stimuli.

Answer 3

Habituation

Question 4

An increase in behavioral response after lengthy or repeated exposure to a stimuli.

Answer 4

Sensitization

Question 5

A type of learned response in which neutral object comes to elicit a response when associated with a stimuli tat already produces a response.

Answer 5

Classical conditioning

Question 6

A stimuli that elicits an innate response and does not require any prior learning.

Answer 6

unconditional stimuli (us)

Question 7

A response that does not have to be learned, such as some reflexes.

Answer 7

Unconditional response (ur)

Question 8

A stimuli that elicits a response only after learning has taken place.

Answer 8

Conditional stimuli (cs)

Question 9

A response to a conditioned stimuli; a response that has been learned.

Answer 9

Conditional response

Question 10

The gradual formation of an association between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.

Answer 10

Acquisition

Question 11

A process in which the conditioned response weakened when the conditioned stimuli is repeated without the unconditioned stimuli.

Answer 11

Extinction

Question 12

A process in which a previously extinguished response reemerges after he conditioned stimulus is presented again.

Answer 12

Spontaneous recovery

Question 13

Learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response.

Answer 13

Stimulus generalization

Question 14

Learning that differentiates between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 14

Stimulus discrimination

Question 15

A learning process in which an action’s consequences determine how likely an action is to be performed in the future.

Answer 15

Operate conditioning

Question 16

An action that is performed on an environment and has consequences.

Answer 16

Operant

Question 17

A consequence of an action that affects the likelihood of the action being repeated in the future.

Answer 17

Reinforcer

Question 18

The addition of a stimuli to increase the probability that a behavior will be repeated.

Answer 18

Positive reinforcement

Question 19

The removal of a stimulus to increase the probability that a behavior will recur.

Answer 19

Negative reinforcement

Question 20

The addition of a stimulus to decrease the probability that a behavior will recur.

Answer 20

Positive punishment

Question 21

The removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability that a behavior will recur.

Answer 21

Negative punishment

Question 22

Reinforcing the occurrence of a particular behavior after a predetermined amount of time since the last reinforcement.

Answer 22

Fixed interval (FI) schedule

Question 23

Reinforcing the occurrence of a particular behavior after an unpredictable and varying amount of time since the last reinforcement.

Answer 23

Variable interval (VI) schedule

Question 24

Reinforcing a particular behavior after that behavior has occurred for predetermined number of times.

Answer 24

Fixed ratio (FR) schedule

Question 25

Reinforcing a articulate behavior after the behavior has occurred for an unpredictable and varying number of times.

Answer 25

Variable ratio (VR) schedule

Question 26

The greater persistence of heavier under partia reinforcement that under continuous reinforcement.

Answer 26

Partial-reinforcement extinction effect

Question 27

Using operant conditioning to solve specific behavior problems by reinforcing desirable behaviors and/or punishing undesirable behaviors.

Answer 27

Behavior modification

Question 28

A visual-spatial mental representation of an environment.

Answer 28

Cognitive map

Question 29

Learning that takes place in the absence of reinforcement.

Answer 29

Latent learning

Question 30

The acquisition or modification of a behavior after exposure to at least one performance of that behavior.

Answer 30

Observational learning

Question 31

Demonstrating a behavior to imitate a behavior that was previously observed.

Answer 31

Modeling

Question 32

Acting in ways that tend to benefit others.

Answer 32

Prosocial

Question 33

Learning the consequences of an action by watching others being reinforced or punished for performing the action.

Answer 33

Vicarious conditioning